Carboniferous Ceshui Formation in Central Hunan Province is one of the most valuable coal measures of Early Carboniferous in South China. Through comprehensive analysis of the sedimentary features of coal measures in Ceshui Formation, this paper studied the coal-controlling factors and the regularities of coal accumulation. In combination with the actual situation of present coal mining, the coal resources were predicted emphatically in the old mining areas Zhadu and Jinzhushan. The results show that the coal resources at the deep and middle deep parts in the mining areas and their surrounding areas have optimistic prospects, can be used as the key exploration target.