湖北郧县乔家院墓地出土战国及东汉铜器的成分与金相分析
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摘要
2006年3~12月,在南水北调中线工程中,湖北省文物考古研究所等单位对郧县五峰乡乔家院墓群进行了考古勘探和发掘工作。限于考古发掘材料和学者关注度等因素,利用科技手段对该墓地出土战国及东汉时期青铜器的研究尚未见报道。同时,关于鄂西北地区出土古代青铜器的科学分析研究目前并不多见。鉴于此,本研究利用金相显微镜、XRF等方法分析了湖北省郧县乔家院墓地出土的14件战国及东汉时期铜器样品。分析表明除铜壶镶嵌丝为低锡二元(Cu-Sn)合金外,其他13件均为Cu-Sn-Pb三元合金;其制作工艺以铸造为主,另外还采用了热锻、热锻后冷加工、铜质芯撑、错红铜等工艺。以上分析数据为湖北地区战国及东汉时期青铜合金构成及成型工艺积累了相关数据。
From March to December in 2006,as part of the Chinese South-North Water Diversion Project,archaeological surveys and excavations were conducted at the Qiaojiayuan village in Yun County by archaeologists from the Institution of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hubei Province and other archaeological institutions,revealing a tomb cluster and remarkable artifact assemblages,including elaborately designed and cast bronzes.Since case studies and technical investigations of the ancient bronzes found in northwestern Hubei Province have been rarely reported,and the bronzes of the Warring States Period and the Eastern Han Dynasty excavated from the Qiaojiayuan tombs have not been analyzed technically,the present work endeavored to analyze these bronzes by metallurgical examination and X-ray Fluorescence(XRF).Samples from 14 bronzes(mostly utilitarian artifacts) in burials at the Qiaojiayuan tomb cluster were collected for this purpose.The results show that 1) Except one inlaid wire of a bronze pot which is Cu-Sn binary alloy with low tin content,all the others are Cu-Sn-Pb bronzes;and 2) the investigated bronzes are mostly cast bronzes,but techniques such as hot and cold forging,metal core support,copper inlay were also used.These preliminary results provided data for further study of the production of bronzes of the Warring States to Eastern Han periods in Hubei.
From March to December in 2006,as part of the Chinese South-North Water Diversion Project,archaeological surveys and excavations were conducted at the Qiaojiayuan village in Yun County by archaeologists from the Institution of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hubei Province and other archaeological institutions,revealing a tomb cluster and remarkable artifact assemblages,including elaborately designed and cast bronzes.Since case studies and technical investigations of the ancient bronzes found in northwestern Hubei Province have been rarely reported,and the bronzes of the Warring States Period and the Eastern Han Dynasty excavated from the Qiaojiayuan tombs have not been analyzed technically,the present work endeavored to analyze these bronzes by metallurgical examination and X-ray Fluorescence(XRF).Samples from 14 bronzes(mostly utilitarian artifacts) in burials at the Qiaojiayuan tomb cluster were collected for this purpose.The results show that 1) Except one inlaid wire of a bronze pot which is Cu-Sn binary alloy with low tin content,all the others are Cu-Sn-Pb bronzes;and 2) the investigated bronzes are mostly cast bronzes,but techniques such as hot and cold forging,metal core support,copper inlay were also used.These preliminary results provided data for further study of the production of bronzes of the Warring States to Eastern Han periods in Hubei.
引文
[1]湖北省文物研究所,湖北省文物局南水北调办公室.湖北郧县乔家院春秋殉人墓[J].考古,2008,(4):28-50.Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Hubei Province.Tombs with human sacrifices of the Spring and Autumn from Qiaojiayuan in Yunxian County,Hubei Province[J].Archaeology,2008,(4):28-50.
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[7]黄龙.中国青铜技术研究回顾与展望[J].文物保护与考古科学,1994,6(1):46-52.HUANG Long.Review and prospect of study on ancient Chinese bronze art[J].Sci Conserv Archaeol,1994,6(1);46-52.
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[9]杨菊华.汉代青铜文化概述[J].中原文物,1998,(2):69-75.YANG Ju-hua.A summary of bronze culture in the Han Dynasty[J].Cult Relics Central China,1998,(2):69-75.
[10]吴小平.汉代青铜容器的考古学研究[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2005:288-293.WU Xiao-ping.Archaeological study on the bronze vesseb from the Han Dynasty[M].Changsha;Yuelu Publishing House,2005:288-293.
[11]华觉明.中国古代金属技术——铜和铁造就的文明[M].郑州:大象出版社,1999:149-151.HUA Jue-ming.Metallurgical technology in ancient China—civilization created with copper and iron[M].Zhengzhou:Daxiang Publishing House,1999:149-151.
[12]George Kuwayama.The great bronze age of China:a symposium[M].Los Angeles;Los Angeles County Museum of Art,1983;149-151.
[13]华觉明.中国冶铸史论集[M].北京:文物出版社,1986:44.HUA Jue-ming.Essays on history of Chinese metallurgy[M].Beijing:Cultural Relics Press,1986:44.
[14]叶小燕.我国古代青铜器上的装饰工艺[J].考古与文物,1983,(4):84-93.YE Xiao-yan.The decoration techniques of ancient Chinese bronzes[J].Archaeol Cult Relics,1983,(4):84-93.
[15]郑利平.中国古代青铜器表面镶嵌工艺技术[J].金属世界,2007,(1):48-51.ZHENG Li-ping.The inlay technique on surface of ancient Chinese bronzes[J].Metal World,2007,(1):48-51.
[16]贾云福,胡才彬,华觉明.曾侯乙红铜纹铸镶法的研究[J].江汉考古,1981,(1):82-87.JIA Yun-fu,HU Cai-bin,HUA Jue-ming.Research of the Cast-Inserting technique of copper emblazonment from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng[J].Jianghan Archaeol,1981,(1):82-87.
[17]孙淑云,王金潮,田建花,等.淮阴高庄战国墓出土铜器的分析研究[J].考古,2009,(2):75-86.SUN Shu-yun,WANG Jin-chao,TIAN Jian-hua,et al.Analysis and research of bronzes unearthed from the Warring State period tomb at Gaozhuang in Huaiyin[J].Archaeology,2009,(2).75-86.
[2]Chase W T.Thomas 0 Z.Ternary representations of ancient Chinese bronze compositions[M]//American Chemical Society.Archaeological Chemistry-U.Washington DC,1978:293-334.
[3]David A S.Metallography and microstructure of ancient and historic metals[M].Los Angeles:The J.Paul Getty Trust,1991:25.
[4]罗武干.古麇地出土青铜器初步研究[D].中国科学技术大学博士学位论文,2008:53-70.LUO Wu-gan.Primary study of bronze artifacts in ancient Jun State[D].Ph.Dissertation of University of Science and Technology of China,2008:53-70.
[5]苏荣誉,华觉明,李克敏,等.中国上古金属技术[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社,1995:282.SU Rong-yu.HUA Jue-ming,LI Ke-min,et al.Metallurgical technology in remote ancient China[M].Jinan;Shandong Science??and Technology Press,1995;282.
[6]张利洁,赵福生,孙淑云,等.北京琉璃河燕国墓地出土铜器的成分和金相研究[J].文物,2005,(6):82-91.ZHANG Li-jie,ZHAO Fu-sheng,SUN Shu-yun,et al.Metallograhical and element analysis on bronzes of tombs of Yan State in Liulihe,Beijing[J].Cult Relics,2005,(6).82-91.
[7]黄龙.中国青铜技术研究回顾与展望[J].文物保护与考古科学,1994,6(1):46-52.HUANG Long.Review and prospect of study on ancient Chinese bronze art[J].Sci Conserv Archaeol,1994,6(1);46-52.
[8]杜廼松.中国青铜器发展史[M].北京:紫禁城出版社,1995:91.DU Nai-song.The history of Chinese bronze ware[M].Beijing.Forbidden City Press,1995;91.
[9]杨菊华.汉代青铜文化概述[J].中原文物,1998,(2):69-75.YANG Ju-hua.A summary of bronze culture in the Han Dynasty[J].Cult Relics Central China,1998,(2):69-75.
[10]吴小平.汉代青铜容器的考古学研究[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2005:288-293.WU Xiao-ping.Archaeological study on the bronze vesseb from the Han Dynasty[M].Changsha;Yuelu Publishing House,2005:288-293.
[11]华觉明.中国古代金属技术——铜和铁造就的文明[M].郑州:大象出版社,1999:149-151.HUA Jue-ming.Metallurgical technology in ancient China—civilization created with copper and iron[M].Zhengzhou:Daxiang Publishing House,1999:149-151.
[12]George Kuwayama.The great bronze age of China:a symposium[M].Los Angeles;Los Angeles County Museum of Art,1983;149-151.
[13]华觉明.中国冶铸史论集[M].北京:文物出版社,1986:44.HUA Jue-ming.Essays on history of Chinese metallurgy[M].Beijing:Cultural Relics Press,1986:44.
[14]叶小燕.我国古代青铜器上的装饰工艺[J].考古与文物,1983,(4):84-93.YE Xiao-yan.The decoration techniques of ancient Chinese bronzes[J].Archaeol Cult Relics,1983,(4):84-93.
[15]郑利平.中国古代青铜器表面镶嵌工艺技术[J].金属世界,2007,(1):48-51.ZHENG Li-ping.The inlay technique on surface of ancient Chinese bronzes[J].Metal World,2007,(1):48-51.
[16]贾云福,胡才彬,华觉明.曾侯乙红铜纹铸镶法的研究[J].江汉考古,1981,(1):82-87.JIA Yun-fu,HU Cai-bin,HUA Jue-ming.Research of the Cast-Inserting technique of copper emblazonment from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng[J].Jianghan Archaeol,1981,(1):82-87.
[17]孙淑云,王金潮,田建花,等.淮阴高庄战国墓出土铜器的分析研究[J].考古,2009,(2):75-86.SUN Shu-yun,WANG Jin-chao,TIAN Jian-hua,et al.Analysis and research of bronzes unearthed from the Warring State period tomb at Gaozhuang in Huaiyin[J].Archaeology,2009,(2).75-86.
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