浙江省空气质量与大气自净能力的特征分析
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摘要
利用最新的高时空分辨率ERA-Interim探空和地面资料,计算分析了1979—2015年浙江省大气输送和自净能力的时空分布变化特征,结合环保局空气质量监测数据探讨了浙江省空气质量与大气自净能力的关系,结果表明:大气自净能力在春、夏季表现出沿海地区小,内陆地区大的分布;到了秋、冬季,沿海地区大气自净能力增大,内陆地区则减小;研究时段内全省平均大气自净能力有增大趋势。表征低层输送能力的10 m风速在秋、冬季最大,夏季最小,随时间略有减小,这是浙江省空气污染加剧的可能原因之一;10 m风速的分布基本呈从东部沿海地区往西部山区逐渐减小的变化趋势,秋、冬季风速略大,以偏北风为主。浙江省大部分地区冬季大气自净能力最差,盛行的偏北风又容易将北方污染物带下来,因此冬季是浙江省最易发生空气污染的时段。当风速较小,风向转为偏西北风时,污染物从北方输入并且积累,最易出现较严重的污染天气。中度及以上的空气污染主要发生在杭嘉湖、宁波、绍兴、金华这些经济发达的地区,沿海地区的舟山、温州、台州由于大气输送条件好发生站次很少。丽水和衢州山区海拔高,加之本地工业经济发展较弱,空气污染发生的频次较少。
The latest ERA-Interim radiosonde and surface data with high spatio-temporal resolution are used to analyze the change characteristics of spatio-temporal distribution of the atmospheric transport and self-purification capability in Zhejiang Province.Combining with air quality data from Environmental Protection Agency,the relationship between air quality and atmospheric self-purification capability in Zhejiang is explored.The results show that atmospheric self-purification capability is smaller in coastal areas and larger in inland during spring and summer,but increases in coastal areas and decreases in inland when it comes to autumn and winter.The average atmospheric self-purification capability is in the increasing trend during the study period.The fO m wind speed which represents the underlying transmission is the biggest in autumn and winter,but is the smallest in summer,slightly decreasing with time.This is one of the possible causes of the aggravated air pollution in Zhejiang.The distribution of 10 m wind speed gradually reduces from east coastal areas to western mountains in general,being slightly larger in autumn and winter,northerly winds mainly.The atmospheric self-purification capability is the poorest in winter over most parts of Zhejiang,and the prevailing northerly winds tend to bring the north pollutants down,so winter is the time period when air pollution is prone to occur in Zhejiang.When the wind speed is small,and the direction turns into northwest,the pollutants are brought in Zhejiang from the north,getting accumulated,then more serious pollution weather is most likely to appear.The air pollution above medium grade occurs mainly in the developed areas like Hangzhou,Ningbo,Shaoxing,and Jinhua.Comparatively,air pollution rarely happens in coastal areas,such as Zhoushan,Wenzhou,Taizhou,due to the good atmospheric transport conditions.The air pollution occurs less frequently in Lishui and Quzhou as the result of high terrain and slow development in industry and economy.
The latest ERA-Interim radiosonde and surface data with high spatio-temporal resolution are used to analyze the change characteristics of spatio-temporal distribution of the atmospheric transport and self-purification capability in Zhejiang Province.Combining with air quality data from Environmental Protection Agency,the relationship between air quality and atmospheric self-purification capability in Zhejiang is explored.The results show that atmospheric self-purification capability is smaller in coastal areas and larger in inland during spring and summer,but increases in coastal areas and decreases in inland when it comes to autumn and winter.The average atmospheric self-purification capability is in the increasing trend during the study period.The fO m wind speed which represents the underlying transmission is the biggest in autumn and winter,but is the smallest in summer,slightly decreasing with time.This is one of the possible causes of the aggravated air pollution in Zhejiang.The distribution of 10 m wind speed gradually reduces from east coastal areas to western mountains in general,being slightly larger in autumn and winter,northerly winds mainly.The atmospheric self-purification capability is the poorest in winter over most parts of Zhejiang,and the prevailing northerly winds tend to bring the north pollutants down,so winter is the time period when air pollution is prone to occur in Zhejiang.When the wind speed is small,and the direction turns into northwest,the pollutants are brought in Zhejiang from the north,getting accumulated,then more serious pollution weather is most likely to appear.The air pollution above medium grade occurs mainly in the developed areas like Hangzhou,Ningbo,Shaoxing,and Jinhua.Comparatively,air pollution rarely happens in coastal areas,such as Zhoushan,Wenzhou,Taizhou,due to the good atmospheric transport conditions.The air pollution occurs less frequently in Lishui and Quzhou as the result of high terrain and slow development in industry and economy.
引文
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郭艳君,张思齐,颜京辉,等,2016.中国探空观测与多套再分析资料气温序列的对比研究[J].气象学报,74(2):271-284.
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吴兑,2005.关于霾与雾的区别和灰霾天气预警的讨论[J].气象,31(4):3-7.
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吴兑,吴晓京,李菲,等.2010.中国大陆1951-2005年霾的时空变化[J].气象学报,68(5):680-688.
吴蒙,范绍佳,吴兑.等.2012.广州地区灰霾与清洁天气变化特征及影响因素分析[J].中国环境科学.32(8):1409-1415.
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张国琏,甄新,谈建国,等,2010.影响上海市空气质量的地面天气类型及气象要素分析[J].热带气象学报,26(1):124-128.
赵佳莹,徐海明,2014.中国区域探空资料与再分析资料风速场的对比分析[J].气候与环境研究,19(5):587-600.
赵敬国,王式功,王嘉媛,等,2013.兰州市空气污染与气象条件关系分析[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,49(4):491-496.
赵珊珊,朱蓉,2006.全国大气自洁能力气候评价方法[C]//国家气候中心.气候变化与气候变异、生态-环境演变及可持续发展,北京:气象出版社:266-269.
周兆媛,张时煌,高庆先.等,2014.京津冀地区气象要素对空气质量的影响及未来变化趋势分析[J].资源科学,36(1):191-199.
Arthur T,DeGaetano A T.Doherty O M,2004.Temporal,spatial and meteorological variations in hourly PM2.5 concentration extremes in New York City[J].Atmos Environ,38(11):1547-1558.
McMahon T A,Denison P J,1979.Empirical atmospheric deposition parameters L A survey[J].Atmos Environ,13(5):571-585.
Salameh D,Detoumay A,Pey J,et al,2015.PM2.5 chemical composition in five European Mediterraneancities:a 1-year study[J].Atmos Res,155:102-117.
Sampson P D,Richards M,Szpiro A A,et al,2013.Aregionalized national universal kriging model using partialleast squares regression for estimating annual PM_(2.5)concentrations in epidemiology[J].Atmos Environ,175(4):383-392.
Song Y,Wang X,Maher B A,et al,2015.The spatialtemporal characteristics and health impacts of ambient fine particulate matter in China[J].J Cleaner Prod,112(2):1312-1318.
程水源,席德立,张宝宁,1997.大气混合层高度的确定与计算方法研究[J].中国环境科学,17(6):513-516.
戴竹君,刘端阳,王宏斌,等.2016.江苏秋冬季重度霾的分型研究[J].气象学报,71(1):133-148.
高歌.2008.1961-2005年中国霾日气候特征及变化分析[J].地理学报,63(7):761-768.
郭艳君,张思齐,颜京辉,等,2016.中国探空观测与多套再分析资料气温序列的对比研究[J].气象学报,74(2):271-284.
洪盛茂,焦荔,何曦,等,2010.杭州市区空气污染物变化特征及其与气象条件的关系[J].气象.36(2):93-101.
冀翠华,王式功,王敏珍,等.2014.2001-2012年北京市空气污染指数节气分布及其与气象要素的关系[J].气象与环境学报,30(6):108-114.
蒋维楣,曹文俊,蒋瑞宾,1993.空气污染气象学教程[M].北京:气象出版社:8-17.
李金堡,骆永军,柴艺淳,2014.青岛地区混合层高度的季节性变化[J].舰船电子工程,34(11):69-72.
刘文,1999.通风量计算方法的探讨及其对比分析[J].山东气象,(4):3.
毛敏娟,孟燕军,齐冰,2015.浙江省城市大气污染特性研究[J].南京大学学报:自然科学,51(3):500-507.
牛彧文,顾骏强,浦静姣,等,2010.浙江城市区域灰霾天气的长期变化[J].热带气象学报,26(6):807-812
秦育婧,卢楚翰,2013.利用高分辨率ERA-Interim再分析资料对2011年夏季江淮区域水汽汇的诊断分析[J].大气科学,37(6):1210-1218.
史宝忠,郑方成,曹国良,1997.对大气混合层高度确定方法的比较分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,29(2):139-141.
王式功,姜大膀,杨德保,等,2000.兰州市区最大混合层厚度变化特征分析[J].高原气象,19(3):364-370.
王晓云,潘莉卿,吕伟林,等,2001.北京城区冬季空气污染物垂直分布与气象状况的观测分析[J].应用气象学报,12(3):279-286,
翁之梅,李丽平,杨万裕,等,2016.浙江省冬季不同霾过程的后向气流轨迹及环流特征[J].气象.42(2):183-191.
吴兑,2005.关于霾与雾的区别和灰霾天气预警的讨论[J].气象,31(4):3-7.
吴兑,廖国莲,邓雪娇,等,2008.珠江三角洲霾天气的近地层输送条件研究[J].应用气象学报,19(1):1-9.
吴兑,吴晓京,李菲,等.2010.中国大陆1951-2005年霾的时空变化[J].气象学报,68(5):680-688.
吴蒙,范绍佳,吴兑.等.2012.广州地区灰霾与清洁天气变化特征及影响因素分析[J].中国环境科学.32(8):1409-1415.
吴祖常,董保群,1998.我国陆域大气最大混合层厚度的地理分布与季节变化[J].科技通报,14(3):159-160.
于庚康,王博妮,陈鹏,等,2015.2013年初江苏连续性雾-霾天气的特征分析[J].气象.41(5):622-629.
袁美英,周秀杰,张桂华,2005.天气形势对哈尔滨市空气质量影响的初步研究[J].气象,31(1):55-58.
张国琏,甄新,谈建国,等,2010.影响上海市空气质量的地面天气类型及气象要素分析[J].热带气象学报,26(1):124-128.
赵佳莹,徐海明,2014.中国区域探空资料与再分析资料风速场的对比分析[J].气候与环境研究,19(5):587-600.
赵敬国,王式功,王嘉媛,等,2013.兰州市空气污染与气象条件关系分析[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,49(4):491-496.
赵珊珊,朱蓉,2006.全国大气自洁能力气候评价方法[C]//国家气候中心.气候变化与气候变异、生态-环境演变及可持续发展,北京:气象出版社:266-269.
周兆媛,张时煌,高庆先.等,2014.京津冀地区气象要素对空气质量的影响及未来变化趋势分析[J].资源科学,36(1):191-199.
Arthur T,DeGaetano A T.Doherty O M,2004.Temporal,spatial and meteorological variations in hourly PM2.5 concentration extremes in New York City[J].Atmos Environ,38(11):1547-1558.
McMahon T A,Denison P J,1979.Empirical atmospheric deposition parameters L A survey[J].Atmos Environ,13(5):571-585.
Salameh D,Detoumay A,Pey J,et al,2015.PM2.5 chemical composition in five European Mediterraneancities:a 1-year study[J].Atmos Res,155:102-117.
Sampson P D,Richards M,Szpiro A A,et al,2013.Aregionalized national universal kriging model using partialleast squares regression for estimating annual PM_(2.5)concentrations in epidemiology[J].Atmos Environ,175(4):383-392.
Song Y,Wang X,Maher B A,et al,2015.The spatialtemporal characteristics and health impacts of ambient fine particulate matter in China[J].J Cleaner Prod,112(2):1312-1318.
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