长江流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应
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摘要
对长江流域443个GNIP的降水样品同位素原始资料,分降雪和降雨进行δ2H和δ18O线性回归,得到降雪样品的相关方程为2δH=7.965δ18O+17.114,有最大的斜率和截距;而降雨样品根据降水量大小从<10 mm至>300mm分为4组后,得到的相关方程随着降水量的减小,斜率和截距均减小,斜率从7.701减小为5.705,截距从7.812×10-3减小为-5.479×10-3。δ2H~δ18O相关方程的斜率及截距与气温、水汽压之间的关系表明,在降水从云层底部降落到地面的过程中,仅较小降雨事件有明显的二次蒸发现象,并伴随着同位素的分馏。长江流域较小降雨事件占有比例很小,仅为所有降水事件的6.32%,所以二次蒸发效应仅引起地区大气降水方程斜率和截距的微弱减小。研究表明,单个降水原始资料的同位素分析,能产生长期加权平均降水同位素分析得不到的宝贵信息。
Stable isotope compositions of hydrogen(δ2H) and oxygen(δ18O) for snow and rain were determined for a total of 443 GNIP(Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) samples collected from the Yangtze River basin.A correlation equation(δ2H=7.965δ18O+17.114) is obtained through linear regression between δ2H and δ18O values of snow samples.The maximal slope and intercept values are shown in the snow equation.In contrast,correlation equations between δ2H and δ18O values for rain samples of four categories ranging from less than 10 mm to greater than 300 mm can result in progressively lower slope and intercept values with decreasing precipitation amount.The slope and intercept values in the four rain equations vary from 5.705 to 7.701 and-5.479‰ to 7.812‰,respectively.Analysis of the slope and intercept values of δ2H-δ18O correlation equations with atmospheric parameters such as temperature and water vapor pressure suggests that only the light rainfall events undergo secondary evaporation accompanied by isotope fractionation during raindrops descent from the cloud base to the ground.Since the light rainfall events can account for only 6.32% of the all precipitation events in the Yangtze River Basin.Thus,the effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation on the stable isotopes in precipitation can only result in a slight decrease of slope and intercept values of the local meteoric water line.The study shows that the isotope analysis of individual precipitation samples can yields valuable information that cannot be obtained by the long-term weighted average samples.
Stable isotope compositions of hydrogen(δ2H) and oxygen(δ18O) for snow and rain were determined for a total of 443 GNIP(Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) samples collected from the Yangtze River basin.A correlation equation(δ2H=7.965δ18O+17.114) is obtained through linear regression between δ2H and δ18O values of snow samples.The maximal slope and intercept values are shown in the snow equation.In contrast,correlation equations between δ2H and δ18O values for rain samples of four categories ranging from less than 10 mm to greater than 300 mm can result in progressively lower slope and intercept values with decreasing precipitation amount.The slope and intercept values in the four rain equations vary from 5.705 to 7.701 and-5.479‰ to 7.812‰,respectively.Analysis of the slope and intercept values of δ2H-δ18O correlation equations with atmospheric parameters such as temperature and water vapor pressure suggests that only the light rainfall events undergo secondary evaporation accompanied by isotope fractionation during raindrops descent from the cloud base to the ground.Since the light rainfall events can account for only 6.32% of the all precipitation events in the Yangtze River Basin.Thus,the effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation on the stable isotopes in precipitation can only result in a slight decrease of slope and intercept values of the local meteoric water line.The study shows that the isotope analysis of individual precipitation samples can yields valuable information that cannot be obtained by the long-term weighted average samples.
引文
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[16]张应华,仵彦卿.黑河流域中上游地区降水中氢氧同位素研究[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(1):34-39.(ZHANG Ying-hua,WU Yan-qing.Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in precipitation in Heihe river basin,China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryol-ogy,009,1(1):34-39.(in Chinese))
[17]黄天明,聂中青,袁利娟.西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(8):76-81.(HUANG Tian-ming,NIE Zhong-qing,YUAN Li-juan[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2008,22(8):76-81.(in Chinese))
[18]瞿思敏,包为民,JEFFREY J M,等.同位素示踪剂在流域水文模拟中的应用[J].水科学进展,2008,19(4):587-596.(QUSi-min,BAO Wei-min,JEFFREY J M,et al.Isotope tracer in watershed hydrological modeling[J].Advances in Water Sci-ence,2008,19(4):587-596.(in Chinese))
[19]宋献方,柳鉴容,孙晓敏,等.基于CERN的中国大气降水同位素观测网络[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(7):738-747.(SONG Xian-fang,LIU Jian-rong,SUN Xiao-min,et al.Establishment of Chinese network of isotopes in precipitation(CHNIP)based on CERN[J].Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(7):738-747.(in Chinese))
[20]童海滨,陈建生,汪集?.河道水体中氢氧稳定同位素组成的微分方程模型[J].水科学进展,2007,18(4):552-557.(TONG Hai-bin,CHENJian-sheng,WANG Ji-yang.Differential equation model for river water with Hydrogen and oxygen’s stableisotope composition[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(4):552-557.(in Chinese))
[21]包为民,胡海英,王涛,等.蒸发皿中水面蒸发氢氧同位素分馏的实验研究[J].水科学进展,2008,19(6):780-785.(BAO Wei-min,HUHai-ying,WANG Tao,et al.Experimental study on the fractionation mechanism of hydrogen and oxygen sta-ble isotopes in evaporation from water surface of evaporation pans[J].Advances in Water Science,2008,19(6):780-785.(inChinese))
[22]王锐,刘文兆,宋献方.长武塬区大气降水中氢氧同位素特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(3):56-59.(WANGRui,LIU Wen-zhao,SONG Xin-fang.Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitateon on Ghangwu tableland[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(3):56-59.(in Chinese))
[23]YU W,YAO T,TIAN L,et al.Stable isotope variations in precipitation and moisture trajectories on the western Tibetan plateau,China[J].Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,2007,39(4):688-693.
[24]ZHOU S Q,NAKAWO M,SAKAI A,et al.Water isotope variations in the snowpack and summer precipitation at July1 Glacier,Qilian Mountains in northwest China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(21):2963-2972.
[25]YAO Z J,LIUJ,HUANG HQ,et al.Characteristics of isotope in precipitation,river water and lake water in the Manasarovar ba-sin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Environmental Geology,2009,57(3):551-556.
[26]IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency)/WMO(World Meteorological Organization).Global network of isotopes in precipitati-on[EB/OL].http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/index.html.
[27]VAN DER VEER G,VOERKELIUS S,LORENTZ G,et al.Spatial interpolation of the deuterium and oxygen-18 composition ofglobal precipitation using temperature as ancillary variable[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2009,102(3):123-136.
[2]TAN Liang-cheng,CAI Yan-jun,CHENG Hai,et al.Summer monsoon precipitation variations in central China over the past 750years derived from a high-resolution absolute-dated stalagmite[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2009,280:432-439.
[3]BIRKS S J,EDWARDS TW D.Atmospheric circulation controls on precipitation isotope-climate relations in western Canada[J].Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meterorology,2009,61(3):566-576.
[4]LACHNIETM S,PATTERSON W P.Oxygen isotope values of precipitation and surface waters in northern Central America(Belizeand Guatemala)are dominated by temperature and amount effects[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,284(34):435-446.
[5]STURMC,HOFFMANN G,LANGMANN B.Simulation of the stable water isotopes in precipitation over South America:Comparingregional to global circulation models[J].Journal of Climate,2007,20(15):3730-3750.
[6]P IACUMIN G,VENTURELLI E S.Isotopic features of rivers and groundwater of the Parma Province(Northern Italy)and their re-lationships with precipitation[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2009,102:56-62.
[7]YAMANAKA A T,TSUJIMURA M,OYUNBAATAR D,et al.Isotopic variation of precipitation over eastern Mongolia and its im-plication for the atmospheric water cycle[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,333:21-34.
[8]MAYR C,LUCKE A,STICHLER W,et al.Precipitation origin and evaporation of lakes in semi-arid Patagonia(Argentina)in-ferred from stable isotopes(δ18O,δ2H)[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,334:53-63.
[9]JAYASENA H,CHANDRAJITHR,DISSANAYAKE C B.Spatial variation of isotope composition in precipitation in a tropical envi-ronment:A case study from the Deduru Oya river basin,Sri Lanka[J].Hydrological Processes,2008,22(23):4565-4570.
[10]FRITA P,DRIMMIE R J,FRAPE S K,et al.The isotopic composition of precipitation and groundwater in Canada[C]∥IsotopeTechniques in Water Resources Development Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,1987,539-550.
[11]张应华,仵彦卿,温小虎,等.环境同位素在水循环研究中的应用[J].水科学进展,2006,17(5):738-747.(ZHANGYing-hua,WU Yan-qing,WEN Xiao-hu,et al.Application of environmental isotopes in water cycle[J].Advances in Water Sci-ence,2006,17(5):738-747.(in Chinese))
[12]石辉,刘世荣,赵晓广.稳定性氢氧同位素在水分循环中的应用[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):163-166.(SHI Hui,LIU Shi-rong,ZHAO Xiao-guang,et al.Application of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope in water circulation[J].Journal of Soiland Water Conservation,2003,17(2):163-166.(in Chinese))
[13]SENGUPTA S,SARKAR A.Stable isotope evidence of dual(Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal)vapour sources in monsoonal precipi-tation over north India[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,250(34):511-521.
[14]王永森,陈建生,汪集?,等.降水过程中氢氧稳定同位素理论关系研究[J].水科学进展,2009,20(2):204-208.(WANG Yong-sen,CHEN Jian-sheng,WANG Ji-yang,et al.Theoretical research on the relationship between deuterium and oxy-gen-18 in precipitation[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(2):204-208.(in Chinese))
[15]王仕琴,宋献方,肖国强,等.基于氢氧同位素的华北平原降水入渗过程[J].水科学进展,2009,20(4):495-501.(WANGShi-qin,SONG Xian-fang,XIAO Guo-qiang,et al.Appliance of oxygen and hydrogen isotope in the process of precipitation infil-tration in the shallow groundwater areas of North China Plain[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(4):495-501.(in Chi-nese))
[16]张应华,仵彦卿.黑河流域中上游地区降水中氢氧同位素研究[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(1):34-39.(ZHANG Ying-hua,WU Yan-qing.Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in precipitation in Heihe river basin,China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryol-ogy,009,1(1):34-39.(in Chinese))
[17]黄天明,聂中青,袁利娟.西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(8):76-81.(HUANG Tian-ming,NIE Zhong-qing,YUAN Li-juan[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2008,22(8):76-81.(in Chinese))
[18]瞿思敏,包为民,JEFFREY J M,等.同位素示踪剂在流域水文模拟中的应用[J].水科学进展,2008,19(4):587-596.(QUSi-min,BAO Wei-min,JEFFREY J M,et al.Isotope tracer in watershed hydrological modeling[J].Advances in Water Sci-ence,2008,19(4):587-596.(in Chinese))
[19]宋献方,柳鉴容,孙晓敏,等.基于CERN的中国大气降水同位素观测网络[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(7):738-747.(SONG Xian-fang,LIU Jian-rong,SUN Xiao-min,et al.Establishment of Chinese network of isotopes in precipitation(CHNIP)based on CERN[J].Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(7):738-747.(in Chinese))
[20]童海滨,陈建生,汪集?.河道水体中氢氧稳定同位素组成的微分方程模型[J].水科学进展,2007,18(4):552-557.(TONG Hai-bin,CHENJian-sheng,WANG Ji-yang.Differential equation model for river water with Hydrogen and oxygen’s stableisotope composition[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(4):552-557.(in Chinese))
[21]包为民,胡海英,王涛,等.蒸发皿中水面蒸发氢氧同位素分馏的实验研究[J].水科学进展,2008,19(6):780-785.(BAO Wei-min,HUHai-ying,WANG Tao,et al.Experimental study on the fractionation mechanism of hydrogen and oxygen sta-ble isotopes in evaporation from water surface of evaporation pans[J].Advances in Water Science,2008,19(6):780-785.(inChinese))
[22]王锐,刘文兆,宋献方.长武塬区大气降水中氢氧同位素特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(3):56-59.(WANGRui,LIU Wen-zhao,SONG Xin-fang.Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitateon on Ghangwu tableland[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(3):56-59.(in Chinese))
[23]YU W,YAO T,TIAN L,et al.Stable isotope variations in precipitation and moisture trajectories on the western Tibetan plateau,China[J].Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,2007,39(4):688-693.
[24]ZHOU S Q,NAKAWO M,SAKAI A,et al.Water isotope variations in the snowpack and summer precipitation at July1 Glacier,Qilian Mountains in northwest China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(21):2963-2972.
[25]YAO Z J,LIUJ,HUANG HQ,et al.Characteristics of isotope in precipitation,river water and lake water in the Manasarovar ba-sin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Environmental Geology,2009,57(3):551-556.
[26]IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency)/WMO(World Meteorological Organization).Global network of isotopes in precipitati-on[EB/OL].http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/index.html.
[27]VAN DER VEER G,VOERKELIUS S,LORENTZ G,et al.Spatial interpolation of the deuterium and oxygen-18 composition ofglobal precipitation using temperature as ancillary variable[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2009,102(3):123-136.
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