贵州典型森林群落植物冠层叶片遭受酸雨直接伤害的模拟实验与效应分析
|
摘要
在贵州龙里地区开展降雨连续监测,依据监测结果,配置不同pH值梯度的模拟酸雨;选择杨梅、油茶等10种贵州典型森林群落优势种,对植物叶片开展模拟酸雨喷淋试验;并利用便携式光合仪LI-6400观测喷淋前后叶片的光合作用,研究酸雨对贵州典型森林群落植物叶片的直接伤害作用.实验结果显示:①pH值5.0和4.0的模拟酸雨基本不会影响供试树种冠层叶片的光合作用;pH值3.0的模拟酸雨使小果红椿、枫树冠层叶片的净光合作用速率不同程度地升高,升高率为11.03%和0.62%,其他树种效果不明显;②pH值2.0的模拟酸雨使供试树种冠层叶片的净光合作用速率降低,其中小果红椿、枫树、白栗和香叶树尤为明显,降低率为28.32%、30.32%、12.21%和11.37%;pH值2.0的模拟酸雨使小果红椿叶片出现可见直接伤害,叶缘和脉间出现黄白色斑点,有穿孔,其他树种未发现可见直接伤害症状.研究表明,研究区典型森林群落植物叶片出现可见直接伤害的酸雨pH值阈值在2.0~3.0之间;同时,在酸雨对叶片造成可见直接伤害之前,存在隐性直接伤害,对叶片造成隐性直接伤害的酸雨pH值阈值为3.0.依据试验结果,从研究区监测数据分析,目前酸雨对该区植物冠层叶片的直接伤害有限.
Continuous monitoring of acid rain was conducted at Longli in Guizhou Province in 2007. Acid rain simulation experiments were performed based on monitoring results. The leaves of 10 dominant tree species were sprayed with simulated acid rain with different pHs and the net photosynthesis rates of leaves before and after spraying were measured using an LI-6400 photosynthesis system. The direct damage by acid rain on the foliage was evaluated. The results are summarized as follows: firstly,the net photosynthetic rates of foliages of all trees were not obviously changed by the simulated acid rain with pH 5.0 or 4.0;The net photosynthetic rate of foliage of Toona sinensis and Acer mono increased by 11.03% and 0.62% respectively under simulated acid rain of pH 3.0,while the net photosynthetic rate of the foliage of other trees did not change. Secondly,the net photosynthetic rate of the foliage of all the trees decreasedto a greater or lesser extent when exposed to simulated acid rain with pH 2.0,among which Toona sinensis,Acer mono,Quercus foabri and Lindera communis Hemsl decreased by 28.32%,30.32%,12.21% and 11.37% respectively. Simulated acid rain with pH 2.0 caused visible direct damage to the leaves of Toona sinensis. Yellow-white speckles appeared on the edges of the leaves and between the venations,and some leaves were even perforated. Visible damage was not observed on other trees. The results show that the pH threshold that causes visible direct damage to the leaves of a typical forest community of Guizhou province is between 2.0 and 3.0. Invisible direct damage,however,occurs before visible signs appear. The pH threshold that causes invisible direct damage to the leaves is pH 3.0. Considering our simulation experiments and monitoring data,the direct damage to foliage of the typical forest community of the study area is imperceptible.
Continuous monitoring of acid rain was conducted at Longli in Guizhou Province in 2007. Acid rain simulation experiments were performed based on monitoring results. The leaves of 10 dominant tree species were sprayed with simulated acid rain with different pHs and the net photosynthesis rates of leaves before and after spraying were measured using an LI-6400 photosynthesis system. The direct damage by acid rain on the foliage was evaluated. The results are summarized as follows: firstly,the net photosynthetic rates of foliages of all trees were not obviously changed by the simulated acid rain with pH 5.0 or 4.0;The net photosynthetic rate of foliage of Toona sinensis and Acer mono increased by 11.03% and 0.62% respectively under simulated acid rain of pH 3.0,while the net photosynthetic rate of the foliage of other trees did not change. Secondly,the net photosynthetic rate of the foliage of all the trees decreasedto a greater or lesser extent when exposed to simulated acid rain with pH 2.0,among which Toona sinensis,Acer mono,Quercus foabri and Lindera communis Hemsl decreased by 28.32%,30.32%,12.21% and 11.37% respectively. Simulated acid rain with pH 2.0 caused visible direct damage to the leaves of Toona sinensis. Yellow-white speckles appeared on the edges of the leaves and between the venations,and some leaves were even perforated. Visible damage was not observed on other trees. The results show that the pH threshold that causes visible direct damage to the leaves of a typical forest community of Guizhou province is between 2.0 and 3.0. Invisible direct damage,however,occurs before visible signs appear. The pH threshold that causes invisible direct damage to the leaves is pH 3.0. Considering our simulation experiments and monitoring data,the direct damage to foliage of the typical forest community of the study area is imperceptible.
引文
陈根云,俞冠路,陈悦,等.2006.光合作用对光和二氧化碳响应的观测方法探讨[J].植物生理与分子生物学学报,32(6):691—696Chen G Y,Yu G L,Chen Y,et al.2006.Exploring the observationmethods of photosynthetic responses to light and carbon dioxide[J].Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology,32(6):691—696(in Chinese)
陈笑玲,何东进,洪伟,等.2007.酸雨胁迫对园林植物伤害机理的研究进展[J].亚热带农业研究,2(2):99—103Chen X L,He D J,Hong W,et al.2007.Research advance in acid raininjury mechanism to garden plants[J].Subtropical AgricultureResearch,2(2):99—103(in Chinese)
Cosby B J,Wright R F,Hornberger G M.et al.1985.Modelling theeffects of acid deposition:Assessment of a lumped parameter odelfsoil water and streamwater chemistry[J].Water ResourcesResearch,21(1):51—63
Cosby B J,Wright R F,Hornberger G M,et al.1985.Modelling theeffects of acid deposition:Estimation of long-term water qualityresponses in a small forest catchment[J].Water ResourcesResearch,21(11):1591—1601
Cosby B J,Ferrier R C,Jenkins A,et al.2001.Modelling the effects ofacid deposition:refinements,adjustments and inclusion of nitrogendynamics in the MAGIC model[J].Hydrology and Earth SystemScience,5(3):499—517
丁一汇,高素华.1995.痕量气体对我国农业和生态系统影响研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.242—243Ding Y H,Gao S H.1995.Effect of Trace Gases on Agriculture andEcosystem of China[M].Beijing:China Science Press.242—243(in Chinese)
Draaijers G P,Risman J E,Leeuwen J W.1994.Canopy changeprocesses at the Speulder forest[R].No722108004.Netherlands:National Institute of Public Health and Environmental ProtectionBilthoven the Netherlands.172—235
冯宗炜,张家斌,陈楚莹,等.1988.模拟酸雨对树木叶片的伤害和树木抗性的研究[J].环境科学,9(5):30—33Feng Z W,Zhang J B,Chen C Y,et al.1988.Injuries to tree leaves bysimulated acid rain resistant nature of the trees[J].EnvironmentalScience,9(5):30—33(in Chinese)
冯宗炜,单运峰.1993.大气污染防治技术研究[M].北京:科学出版社.821—826Feng Z W,Shan Y F.1993.Air Pollution Prevention and Control Technologies[M].Beijing:Science Press.821—826(in Chinese)
付晓萍,田大伦,闫文德.2006.模拟酸雨对樟树光合日变化的影响[J].中南林学院学报,26(6):38—43Fu X P,Tian D L,Yan W D.2006.The effects of simulated acid rainon the diurnal changes ofCinnamomum camphoraPhotosynthesis[J].Journal of Central South Forestry University,26(6):38—43(in Chinese)
郝吉明,谢绍东,段雷,等.2001.酸沉降临界负荷及其应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1Hao J M,Xie S D,Duan L,et al.2001.Critical Loads of AcidDeposition and Application[M].Beijing:Tsinghua UniversityPress.1(in Chinese)
黄辉,黄朝法.2008.酸雨对植物生理生态特性的影响研究进展[J].林业勘察设计,1:46—49Huang H,Huang C F.2008.Research advance in physiological andecological impact to plants of acid rain[J].Reconnaissance andDesign of Forestry,1:46—49(in Chinese)
黄益宗,李志先,黎向东,等.2006.模拟酸雨对华南典型树种生长及营养元素含量的影响[J].生态环境,15(2):331—336Huang Y Z,Li Z X,Li X D,et al.2006.Impact of simulated acid rainon growth and nutrient elements uptake by Eucalyptus urophylla andPinus massoniana[J].Ecology and Environment,15(2):331—336(in Chinese)
李万超,江洪,曾波,等.2008.模拟酸雨对青冈和木荷幼苗光合响应特性的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),30(7):98—103Li W C,Jiang H,Zeng B,et al.2008.Effects of simulated acid rain onphotosynthesis in schima superb and quercus glauca[J].Journal ofSouthwest Agricultural University,30(7):98—103(in Chinese)
李志国,翁忙玲,姜武,等.2007.模拟酸雨对乐东拟单性木兰幼苗部分生理指标的影响[J].生态学杂志,26(1):31—34Li Z G,Weng ML,Jiang W,et al.2007.Effects of simulated acid rainon some physiological indices ofparakmeria lotungensisseedlings[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,26(1):31—34(in Chinese)
刘红杰,王玮,高金和,等.1996.闽南地区酸性雾水特征初探[J].环境科学研究,9(5):30—32Liu H J,Wang W,Gao J H,et al.1996.Preliminary study on thecharacteristics of acid fog in Minnan area[J].Research ofEnvironmental Science,9(5):30—32(in Chinese)
毛友发,仇荣亮,温志良.1999.陆地生态系统酸沉降缓冲能力影响因素[J].土壤与环境,8(2):141—143Mao Y F,Qiu R L,Wen Z L.1999.Factors influencing buffering abilityof land-ecosystem[J].Soil and Environmental Science,8(2):141—143(in Chinese)
齐泽民,王玄德,宋光煜.2004.酸雨对植物影响的研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,26(2):36—41Qi Z M,Wang X D,Song G Y.2004.The research progress of the effectof acid rain on plant[J].Word Sci-Tech Research andDevelopment,26(2):36—41(in Chinese)
邱栋梁,刘星辉,郭素枝.2002.模拟酸雨对龙眼叶片气体交换和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响[J].植物生态学报,26(4):441—446Qiu D L,Liu X H,Guo S Z.2002.Effects of simulated acid rain stresson gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in leavesof longyan[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,26(4):441—446(in Chinese)
Reich P B,Schoette A W.1987.Effects of ozone and acid rain on whitepine(Pinus strobes)seedlings grown in five soils.NetPhotosynthesis and Growth[J].Can J Bot,65:977—987
Shan Y.1998.Effects of simulated acid rain on pinus densiflora:inhibition of net photosynthesis by the pheophytization of chlorophyll[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,103:121—127
沈允钢.2000.地球上最重要的化学反映——光合作用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.89—91Shen Y G.2000.The Most Important Chemical Reaction on Earth—photosynthesis[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University press.89—91(in Chinese)
Smith W H.1981.Air Pollution and Forests[M].New York:Springer-Valag
唐信英,罗磊,张虹娇.2009.西南地区酸雨时空分布特征研究[J].高原山地气象研究,29(2):28—36Tang X Y,Luo L,Zhang H J.2009.The sudy on the space-timedistribution characteristics of acid rain in Southwest[J].Plateau andMountain Meteorology Research,29(2):28—36(in Chinese)
王文兴,许鹏举.2009.中国大气降水化学研究进展[J].化学进展,21(2/3):266—281Wang W X,Xu P J.2009.Research progress in precipitation chemistryin China[J].Progress in Chemistry,21(2/3):266—281(inChinese)
汪雅各,王玮.1987.模拟酸雨对若干蔬菜影响的研究[J].中国环境科学,7(6):1—5Wang Y G,Wang W.1987.The research of acid rain impact on somevegetable[J].China Environmental Science,7(6):1—5(inChinese)
W.波斯哈特.1985.瑞士森林面临衰亡的危害[J].生态学杂志,(5):42—45W.Boshat.1985.Switzerland forest facing harm of contabescence[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,(5):42—45(in Chinese)
谢田,李庆新.1994.酸雨致使菠菜光合作用下降机理初探[J].环保科技,16(1):9—11Xie T,Li QX.1994.The research of photosynthesis decline mechanismof spinage exposed to acid rain[J].Environment Protection andTechnology,16(1):9—11(in Chinese)
许大全.2002.光合作用效率[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.2—3Xu D Q.2002.Photosynthetic Efficiency[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiScientific and Technical Publishers.2—3(in Chinese)
许大全.2006.光合作用测定及研究中一些值得注意的问题[J].植物生理学通讯,42(6):1163—1167Xu D Q.2006.Some noteworthy problems in measurement andinvestigation of photosynthesis[J].Plant PhysiologyCommunication,42(6):1163—1167(in Chinese)
严重玲,洪业汤,王世杰,等.1999.稀土元素对酸雨胁迫小麦活性氧清除系统响应的作用[J].作物学报,25(4):504—507Yan C L,Hong Y T,Wang S J,et al.1999.Effect of rare earthelements on the response of the activated oxygen scarenging systemin Leaves of wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,25(4):504—507(in Chinese)
杨胜天,李巍,吕涛,等.2010.酸雨对森林植被的影响及在贵州龙里的初步研究[J].环境科学学报,30(1):1—6Yang S T,Li W,LT,et al.2010.Pilot study of the impact of acid rainon forests in Longli,GuiZhou Province[J].Acta ScientiaeCircumstantiae,30(1):1—6(in Chinese)
叶庆华.2002.植物生物学[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社.9—100Ye Q H.2002.Plant Physiology[M].Xiamen:Xiamen UniversityPress.9—100(in Chinese)
张丽芬,张树明,潘家永.2006.酸雨的硫源及其硫同位素示踪综述[J].地球与环境.34(1):65—69Zhang L F,Zhang S M,Pan J Y.A primary comment on the sulfurisotopic composition of acid rain[J].Earth and Environment,34(1):65—69(in Chinese)
张耀民,吴丽英,王晓霞,等.1996.酸雨对农作物的叶片伤害及生理特性的影响[J].农业环境保护,15(5):197—208;227Zhang Y M,Wu L Y,Wang X X,et al.1996.Impact of acid rain oncrop leaves damage and physiological property[J].Agro-Environment Protection,15(5):197—208;227(in Chinese)
陈笑玲,何东进,洪伟,等.2007.酸雨胁迫对园林植物伤害机理的研究进展[J].亚热带农业研究,2(2):99—103Chen X L,He D J,Hong W,et al.2007.Research advance in acid raininjury mechanism to garden plants[J].Subtropical AgricultureResearch,2(2):99—103(in Chinese)
Cosby B J,Wright R F,Hornberger G M.et al.1985.Modelling theeffects of acid deposition:Assessment of a lumped parameter odelfsoil water and streamwater chemistry[J].Water ResourcesResearch,21(1):51—63
Cosby B J,Wright R F,Hornberger G M,et al.1985.Modelling theeffects of acid deposition:Estimation of long-term water qualityresponses in a small forest catchment[J].Water ResourcesResearch,21(11):1591—1601
Cosby B J,Ferrier R C,Jenkins A,et al.2001.Modelling the effects ofacid deposition:refinements,adjustments and inclusion of nitrogendynamics in the MAGIC model[J].Hydrology and Earth SystemScience,5(3):499—517
丁一汇,高素华.1995.痕量气体对我国农业和生态系统影响研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.242—243Ding Y H,Gao S H.1995.Effect of Trace Gases on Agriculture andEcosystem of China[M].Beijing:China Science Press.242—243(in Chinese)
Draaijers G P,Risman J E,Leeuwen J W.1994.Canopy changeprocesses at the Speulder forest[R].No722108004.Netherlands:National Institute of Public Health and Environmental ProtectionBilthoven the Netherlands.172—235
冯宗炜,张家斌,陈楚莹,等.1988.模拟酸雨对树木叶片的伤害和树木抗性的研究[J].环境科学,9(5):30—33Feng Z W,Zhang J B,Chen C Y,et al.1988.Injuries to tree leaves bysimulated acid rain resistant nature of the trees[J].EnvironmentalScience,9(5):30—33(in Chinese)
冯宗炜,单运峰.1993.大气污染防治技术研究[M].北京:科学出版社.821—826Feng Z W,Shan Y F.1993.Air Pollution Prevention and Control Technologies[M].Beijing:Science Press.821—826(in Chinese)
付晓萍,田大伦,闫文德.2006.模拟酸雨对樟树光合日变化的影响[J].中南林学院学报,26(6):38—43Fu X P,Tian D L,Yan W D.2006.The effects of simulated acid rainon the diurnal changes ofCinnamomum camphoraPhotosynthesis[J].Journal of Central South Forestry University,26(6):38—43(in Chinese)
郝吉明,谢绍东,段雷,等.2001.酸沉降临界负荷及其应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1Hao J M,Xie S D,Duan L,et al.2001.Critical Loads of AcidDeposition and Application[M].Beijing:Tsinghua UniversityPress.1(in Chinese)
黄辉,黄朝法.2008.酸雨对植物生理生态特性的影响研究进展[J].林业勘察设计,1:46—49Huang H,Huang C F.2008.Research advance in physiological andecological impact to plants of acid rain[J].Reconnaissance andDesign of Forestry,1:46—49(in Chinese)
黄益宗,李志先,黎向东,等.2006.模拟酸雨对华南典型树种生长及营养元素含量的影响[J].生态环境,15(2):331—336Huang Y Z,Li Z X,Li X D,et al.2006.Impact of simulated acid rainon growth and nutrient elements uptake by Eucalyptus urophylla andPinus massoniana[J].Ecology and Environment,15(2):331—336(in Chinese)
李万超,江洪,曾波,等.2008.模拟酸雨对青冈和木荷幼苗光合响应特性的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),30(7):98—103Li W C,Jiang H,Zeng B,et al.2008.Effects of simulated acid rain onphotosynthesis in schima superb and quercus glauca[J].Journal ofSouthwest Agricultural University,30(7):98—103(in Chinese)
李志国,翁忙玲,姜武,等.2007.模拟酸雨对乐东拟单性木兰幼苗部分生理指标的影响[J].生态学杂志,26(1):31—34Li Z G,Weng ML,Jiang W,et al.2007.Effects of simulated acid rainon some physiological indices ofparakmeria lotungensisseedlings[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,26(1):31—34(in Chinese)
刘红杰,王玮,高金和,等.1996.闽南地区酸性雾水特征初探[J].环境科学研究,9(5):30—32Liu H J,Wang W,Gao J H,et al.1996.Preliminary study on thecharacteristics of acid fog in Minnan area[J].Research ofEnvironmental Science,9(5):30—32(in Chinese)
毛友发,仇荣亮,温志良.1999.陆地生态系统酸沉降缓冲能力影响因素[J].土壤与环境,8(2):141—143Mao Y F,Qiu R L,Wen Z L.1999.Factors influencing buffering abilityof land-ecosystem[J].Soil and Environmental Science,8(2):141—143(in Chinese)
齐泽民,王玄德,宋光煜.2004.酸雨对植物影响的研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,26(2):36—41Qi Z M,Wang X D,Song G Y.2004.The research progress of the effectof acid rain on plant[J].Word Sci-Tech Research andDevelopment,26(2):36—41(in Chinese)
邱栋梁,刘星辉,郭素枝.2002.模拟酸雨对龙眼叶片气体交换和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响[J].植物生态学报,26(4):441—446Qiu D L,Liu X H,Guo S Z.2002.Effects of simulated acid rain stresson gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in leavesof longyan[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,26(4):441—446(in Chinese)
Reich P B,Schoette A W.1987.Effects of ozone and acid rain on whitepine(Pinus strobes)seedlings grown in five soils.NetPhotosynthesis and Growth[J].Can J Bot,65:977—987
Shan Y.1998.Effects of simulated acid rain on pinus densiflora:inhibition of net photosynthesis by the pheophytization of chlorophyll[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,103:121—127
沈允钢.2000.地球上最重要的化学反映——光合作用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.89—91Shen Y G.2000.The Most Important Chemical Reaction on Earth—photosynthesis[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University press.89—91(in Chinese)
Smith W H.1981.Air Pollution and Forests[M].New York:Springer-Valag
唐信英,罗磊,张虹娇.2009.西南地区酸雨时空分布特征研究[J].高原山地气象研究,29(2):28—36Tang X Y,Luo L,Zhang H J.2009.The sudy on the space-timedistribution characteristics of acid rain in Southwest[J].Plateau andMountain Meteorology Research,29(2):28—36(in Chinese)
王文兴,许鹏举.2009.中国大气降水化学研究进展[J].化学进展,21(2/3):266—281Wang W X,Xu P J.2009.Research progress in precipitation chemistryin China[J].Progress in Chemistry,21(2/3):266—281(inChinese)
汪雅各,王玮.1987.模拟酸雨对若干蔬菜影响的研究[J].中国环境科学,7(6):1—5Wang Y G,Wang W.1987.The research of acid rain impact on somevegetable[J].China Environmental Science,7(6):1—5(inChinese)
W.波斯哈特.1985.瑞士森林面临衰亡的危害[J].生态学杂志,(5):42—45W.Boshat.1985.Switzerland forest facing harm of contabescence[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,(5):42—45(in Chinese)
谢田,李庆新.1994.酸雨致使菠菜光合作用下降机理初探[J].环保科技,16(1):9—11Xie T,Li QX.1994.The research of photosynthesis decline mechanismof spinage exposed to acid rain[J].Environment Protection andTechnology,16(1):9—11(in Chinese)
许大全.2002.光合作用效率[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.2—3Xu D Q.2002.Photosynthetic Efficiency[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiScientific and Technical Publishers.2—3(in Chinese)
许大全.2006.光合作用测定及研究中一些值得注意的问题[J].植物生理学通讯,42(6):1163—1167Xu D Q.2006.Some noteworthy problems in measurement andinvestigation of photosynthesis[J].Plant PhysiologyCommunication,42(6):1163—1167(in Chinese)
严重玲,洪业汤,王世杰,等.1999.稀土元素对酸雨胁迫小麦活性氧清除系统响应的作用[J].作物学报,25(4):504—507Yan C L,Hong Y T,Wang S J,et al.1999.Effect of rare earthelements on the response of the activated oxygen scarenging systemin Leaves of wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,25(4):504—507(in Chinese)
杨胜天,李巍,吕涛,等.2010.酸雨对森林植被的影响及在贵州龙里的初步研究[J].环境科学学报,30(1):1—6Yang S T,Li W,LT,et al.2010.Pilot study of the impact of acid rainon forests in Longli,GuiZhou Province[J].Acta ScientiaeCircumstantiae,30(1):1—6(in Chinese)
叶庆华.2002.植物生物学[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社.9—100Ye Q H.2002.Plant Physiology[M].Xiamen:Xiamen UniversityPress.9—100(in Chinese)
张丽芬,张树明,潘家永.2006.酸雨的硫源及其硫同位素示踪综述[J].地球与环境.34(1):65—69Zhang L F,Zhang S M,Pan J Y.A primary comment on the sulfurisotopic composition of acid rain[J].Earth and Environment,34(1):65—69(in Chinese)
张耀民,吴丽英,王晓霞,等.1996.酸雨对农作物的叶片伤害及生理特性的影响[J].农业环境保护,15(5):197—208;227Zhang Y M,Wu L Y,Wang X X,et al.1996.Impact of acid rain oncrop leaves damage and physiological property[J].Agro-Environment Protection,15(5):197—208;227(in Chinese)
目录