上海绿叶菜田杂草发生为害特点及其对产量的影响
摘要
分春夏和秋冬两个时期对上海市域9个区县绿叶菜田杂草发生为害现状进行了调查,共发现杂草67种,隶属24科54属,以禾本科和菊科杂草最多,一年生杂草占82.1%,多年生杂草占17.9%,本地种占80.6%,外来种占19.4%;出现频率较高的杂草有稗、马唐、牛筋草等禾本科杂草以及小藜、凹头苋、醴肠、繁缕、荠菜等阔叶类杂草。测定了优势杂草稗和繁缕对茼蒿和小白菜产量的影响,结果表明:当稗300株/m~2或繁缕250株/m~2时,茼蒿产量损失率分别可达48.7%和49.5%;当繁缕密度达到150株/m~2时,小白菜产量即开始受到明显影响,200—250株/m~2时小白菜产量损失率高达42.0%—48.1%。
This study investigated the occurrence and damage status of weeds in green vegetable fields in nine counties of Shanghai.The investigations in spring/summer and autumn/winter found 67 weed species,belonging to 24 families and 54 genera,most of which are grassy and compositae weeds.Annual and perennial weeds are 82.1%and 17.9%respectively.Native weeds accounted for 80.6%,while 19.4%of alien species.Grassy weeds such as Echinochloa crusgalli,Digitaria sanguinalis,Eleusine indica and broadleaf weeds such as Chenopodium serotinum,Amaranthus lividus,Eclipta prostrata,Stellaria media,Capsella bursa-pastoris appeared more frequently in these weeds.Influence of Echinochloa crusgalli and Stellaria media on the yield of Chrysanthemum coronarium and Brassica campestris ssp.Chinensis var.communis was measured.The results showed that Chrysanthemum coronarium yield loss rate were up to 48.7%and 49.5%respectively when the growth density of Echinochloa crusgalli was 300/m or Stellaria media was 250/m.The yield of Brassica campestris ssp.Chinensis var.communis was effected obviously when the growth density of Stellaria media was 150/m~2,while the loss rate of Brassica campestris ssp.Chinensis var.communis was up to 42.0%—48.1%when the growth density of Stellaria media was 200/m~2—250/m~2.
This study investigated the occurrence and damage status of weeds in green vegetable fields in nine counties of Shanghai.The investigations in spring/summer and autumn/winter found 67 weed species,belonging to 24 families and 54 genera,most of which are grassy and compositae weeds.Annual and perennial weeds are 82.1%and 17.9%respectively.Native weeds accounted for 80.6%,while 19.4%of alien species.Grassy weeds such as Echinochloa crusgalli,Digitaria sanguinalis,Eleusine indica and broadleaf weeds such as Chenopodium serotinum,Amaranthus lividus,Eclipta prostrata,Stellaria media,Capsella bursa-pastoris appeared more frequently in these weeds.Influence of Echinochloa crusgalli and Stellaria media on the yield of Chrysanthemum coronarium and Brassica campestris ssp.Chinensis var.communis was measured.The results showed that Chrysanthemum coronarium yield loss rate were up to 48.7%and 49.5%respectively when the growth density of Echinochloa crusgalli was 300/m or Stellaria media was 250/m.The yield of Brassica campestris ssp.Chinensis var.communis was effected obviously when the growth density of Stellaria media was 150/m~2,while the loss rate of Brassica campestris ssp.Chinensis var.communis was up to 42.0%—48.1%when the growth density of Stellaria media was 200/m~2—250/m~2.
引文
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[3]杨威,纪明山,吴家川.辽宁省蔬菜田杂草发生与危害[J].杂草科学,2009(1):36-38.
[4]周小刚,彭云良,姬红丽,等.四川省彭州市蔬菜田杂草名录[J].杂草科学,2005(2):24-25.
[5]马奇详,常中先.蔬菜田化学除草技术[M].北京:金盾出版社,2009:206-217.
[6]李茹,赵桂东,周玉梅,等.豇豆田杂草的危害损失及其防除技术[J].杂草科学,2004(2):25-26.
[7]王宇,黄春艳,郭玉莲,等.不同密度稗对春玉米产量的影响[J].杂草科学,2014,32(1):52-53.
[8]李扬汉.中国杂草志[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[9]徐炳声.上海植物志[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1999.
[10]张美珍,赖明洲,等.华东五省一市植物名录[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,1993.
[11]唐洪元.中国农田杂草[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社,1990,292-296.
[12]陈磊,陈德章,陆信仁,等.崇明县露地绿叶菜田杂草为害现状与防除对策[J].长江蔬菜,2015(7):57-59.
[13]李孙荣,高柱平,由振国.农田杂草防治的生态经济原理[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1989.
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