PM2.5 exposure decreased numbers of immune cells in SD rats BALF.
PM2.5 could induce the autophagy of pulmonary macrophages in SD rats and Raw264.7 cells.
PM2.5 exposure led to the activation of oxidative stress in Raw264.7 cells.
PM2.5 induced cell autophagy via the oxidative stress-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.