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Off-road motorcycle circuits support long-term persistence of bees and wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of open landscape at newly formed refugia within otherwise afforested temperate landscape
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文摘

We refuted that off-road activities are principally detrimental to biodiversity.

Off-road motorcycle circuits are a new afforestation-blocking management tool.

The highest benefits are for species requiring the solitary, sun-exposed trees.

Long-term low-intensity off-road motorcycling gained the highest conservation value.

Off-road motorcycle circuits are appropriate for a reclamation of post-industrials.

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