Effects of the Environment, Cultivar, Maturity, and Preservation Method on Red Clover Isoflavone Concentration
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- 作者：Evan Sivesind and Philippe Seguin
- 刊名：Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
- 出版年：2005
- 出版时间：August 10, 2005
- 年：2005
- 卷：53
- 期：16
- 页码：6397 - 6402
- 全文大小：72K
- 年卷期：v.53,no.16(August 10, 2005)
- ISSN：1520-5118
文摘
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) contains isoflavones that are of interest because of their benefitsfor human health as well as their adverse effects on the fertility of farm animals. A series of fieldexperiments was conducted in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada, to determine the effects ofthe environment, cultivar, plant maturity, plant part, and preservation method on the concentration ofthe two predominant isoflavones in red clover, formononetin and biochanin A. In a multi-year, multisitetrial, the total isoflavone concentration in 10 cultivars ranged between 8923 and 12 753 
g g-1 ofDM averaged across sites, harvests, and years. Despite strong environmental effects, the cultivar"Start" consistently had the lowest isoflavone concentrations, with few differences observed amongother cultivars. Across stages of maturity, leaves were found to have the highest isoflavoneconcentration followed by stems and inflorescences (11 970, 4896, and 3297 g g-1 of DM,respectively). Changes in isoflavone concentrations with increasing maturity varied depending onthe plant part. Overall, highest isoflavone concentrations were found in leaves and stems during thevegetative stages, with the formononetin concentration declining until plants initiated flowering,especially in stems, with concentrations then stabilized in both parts. Upon initiation, inflorescencescontained similar isoflavone concentrations than leaves, but concentrations decreased rapidly duringflower development to fall even below those observed in stems. Inflorescences then had isoflavoneconcentrations that were as much as 11 times lower than leaves. Fresh herbage contained higherformononetin and total isoflavone concentrations than did silage and hay (14 464, 12 200, and 11 604g g-1 of DM, respectively). The isoflavone concentration in field-grown red clover is thus high butcan be affected by a range of agronomic factors.Keywords: Red clover; Trifolium pratense L.; isoflavone; phytoestrogens; biochanin A; formononetin;cultivars; maturity
g g-1 ofDM averaged across sites, harvests, and years. Despite strong environmental effects, the cultivar"Start" consistently had the lowest isoflavone concentrations, with few differences observed amongother cultivars. Across stages of maturity, leaves were found to have the highest isoflavoneconcentration followed by stems and inflorescences (11 970, 4896, and 3297 g g-1 of DM,respectively). Changes in isoflavone concentrations with increasing maturity varied depending onthe plant part. Overall, highest isoflavone concentrations were found in leaves and stems during thevegetative stages, with the formononetin concentration declining until plants initiated flowering,especially in stems, with concentrations then stabilized in both parts. Upon initiation, inflorescencescontained similar isoflavone concentrations than leaves, but concentrations decreased rapidly duringflower development to fall even below those observed in stems. Inflorescences then had isoflavoneconcentrations that were as much as 11 times lower than leaves. Fresh herbage contained higherformononetin and total isoflavone concentrations than did silage and hay (14 464, 12 200, and 11 604g g-1 of DM, respectively). The isoflavone concentration in field-grown red clover is thus high butcan be affected by a range of agronomic factors.Keywords: Red clover; Trifolium pratense L.; isoflavone; phytoestrogens; biochanin A; formononetin;cultivars; maturity