A Systematic Framework and Nanoperiodic Concept for Unifying Nanoscience: Hard/Soft Nanoelements, Superatoms, Meta-Atoms, New Emerging Properties, Periodic Property Patterns, and Predictive Mendeleev-like Nanoperiodic Tables

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• 作者：Donald A. Tomalia ; Shiv N. Khanna
• 刊名：Chemical Reviews
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 24, 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：116
• 期：4
• 页码：2705-2774
• 全文大小：5386K
• 年卷期：
  Donald A. Tomalia is the CEO and Founder of NanoSynthons LLC, National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center, Distinguished Visiting Professor (Chemistry Department) Columbia University, NY; Adjunct Professor (Department of Chemistry), University of Pennsylvania, and Affiliate Professor (Department of Physics) Virginia Commonwealth University. He received his B.A. in chemistry from the University of Michigan and Ph.D. in physical–organic chemistry from Michigan State University while working at The Dow Chemical Company (1962–1990). In 1990, he moved to Michigan Molecular Institute as Professor and Director of Nanoscale Chemistry and Architecture and subsequently became Scientific Director of the Biological Nanotechnology Center, University of Michigan, School of Medicine (1998–2001). He has founded two previous dendrimer-based nanotechnology companies, namely, Dendritech, Inc. (1992) and Dendritic Nanotechnologies, Inc. (2001). Other positions currently held by Tomalia include the following: Advisory Board, European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine (CLINAM); Faculty Member, Faculty 1000 Biology; Associate Editor, Journal of Nanoparticle Research (Springer); and Honorary Editorial Board, Nanomedicine (Elsevier). He is the pioneering scientist and lead inventor associated with the discovery of poly(oxazolines) (Industrial Research-100 Awards in 1978 and 1986) and dendrimers. His 1979 discovery of dendrimers (dendritic polymer architecture) led to a third R&D-100 Award in 1991 and the Leonardo da Vinci Award (Paris, France) in 1996. He received the International Award of The Society of Polymer Science Japan (SPSJ) (2003) for discovery of the fourth major macromolecular architectural class, namely, dendritic polymers. Tomalia’s recent lectureships have included the Dow/Karabatsos Distinguished Alumni Lectureship, Michigan State University (2005); Chevron Lecture Series, Texas A&M University (2009); Linus Pauling Memorial Lecturer, Portland, Oregon (2010); L. W. Busse Lecture Series, University of Wisconsin—Madison (2011); and the 38th W. H. Rauscher Memorial Lecturer, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (2012). He was the recipient of the Wallace H. Carothers Award (American Chemical Society) (2012). He has authored/coauthored over 265 peer-reviewed publications with >33203 citations and been granted >128 U.S. patents. His article entitled, “Starburst Dendrimers: Molecular Level Control of Size, Shape, Surface Chemistry, Topology and Flexibility from Atoms to Macroscopic Matter”, by D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor, and W. A. Goddard, III (Angew. Chem. Int., Ed. Engl. 1990
  , 29 (2), 138) received >2790 citations. Tomalia was inducted into the Thomson Reuters Hall of Citation Laureates in Chemistry (2011) (i.e., 40 most highly cited scientists in the field of chemistry). Tomalia is recognized as a pioneer in dendritic polymers, dendrimer-based nanotechnology, and nanomedicine. His extensive studies on dendrimers provided a conceptual window to his recent work concerning the development of a systematic framework and nanoperiodic concept for defining and unifying nanoscience.
  Shiv N. Khanna is a Commonwealth Professor of Physics at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), having been a visiting associate professor at Northeastern University (1983–1984) and a scientific collaborator at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Switzerland (1980–1983). He served as Chair of the Physics Department during 1995–1998. Dr. Khanna is internationally recognized for his work on clusters (groups containing few atoms) and nanoscale materials. One of his significant contributions is the “superatoms”, where he and co-workers discovered that selected clusters can take on the chemical behavior of atoms in the periodic table and that materials with novel characteristics could be developed using such clusters, named “superatoms”, as building blocks. They proposed that the conventional periodic table of elements, which has remained at the heart of chemistry and material science for nearly a century, may finally need modification with “superatoms” forming a third dimension. These developments have opened a pathway to novel nanomaterials, and have been featured in more than 200 reports by various news agencies, including Chemical & Engineering News, Scientific American, Nature, Science, and New Scientist. His current work focuses on forming materials where clusters serve as the building blocks. He has coauthored more than 300 research publications in refereed journals, including prestigious journals such as Science and Nature Chemistry, and has edited six monographs. These publications have been cited more than 8000 times. Dr. Khanna has delivered more than 130 lectures at national and international conferences, universities, and industry. Dr. Khanna has been a recipient of the Outstanding Faculty Award from the State Council of Higher Education in Virginia. This is the highest honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Virginia. Dr. Khanna is a fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has been the recipient of the University Distinguished Scholarship Award of the VCU. He has also twice been the recipient of the Distinguished Scholar Award from the College of Humanities and Sciences at VCU.
• ISSN：1520-6890

文摘

Development of a central paradigm is undoubtedly the single most influential force responsible for advancing Dalton’s 19th century atomic/molecular chemistry concepts to the current maturity enjoyed by traditional chemistry. A similar central dogma for guiding and unifying nanoscience has been missing. This review traces the origins, evolution, and current status of such a critical nanoperiodic concept/framework for defining and unifying nanoscience. Based on parallel efforts and a mutual consensus now shared by both chemists and physicists, a nanoperiodic/systematic framework concept has emerged. This concept is based on the well-documented existence of discrete, nanoscale collections of traditional inorganic/organic atoms referred to as hard and soft superatoms (i.e., nanoelement categories). These nanometric entities are widely recognized to exhibit nanoscale atom mimicry features reminiscent of traditional picoscale atoms. All unique superatom/nanoelement physicochemical features are derived from quantized structural control defined by six critical nanoscale design parameters (CNDPs), namely, size, shape, surface chemistry, flexibility/rigidity, architecture, and elemental composition. These CNDPs determine all intrinsic superatom properties, their combining behavior to form stoichiometric nanocompounds/assemblies as well as to exhibit nanoperiodic properties leading to new nanoperiodic rules and predictive Mendeleev-like nanoperiodic tables, and they portend possible extension of these principles to larger quantized building blocks including meta-atoms.