Fate and Uptake of Pharmaceuticals in Soil鈥揈arthworm Systems

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• 作者：Laura J. Carter ; Catherine D. Garman ; James Ryan ; Adam Dowle ; Ed Bergstr枚m ; Jane Thomas-Oates ; Alistair B. A. Boxall
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：May 20, 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：48
• 期：10
• 页码：5955-5963
• 全文大小：354K
• 年卷期：v.48,no.10(May 20, 2014)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Pharmaceuticals present a potential threat to soil organisms, yet our understanding of their fate and uptake in soil systems is limited. This study therefore investigated the fate and uptake of ¹⁴C-labeled carbamazepine, diclofenac, fluoxetine, and orlistat in soil鈥揺arthworm systems. Sorption coefficients increased in the order of carbamazepine < diclofenac < fluoxetine < orlistat. Dissipation of ¹⁴C varied by compound, and for orlistat, there was evidence of formation of nonextractable residues. Uptake of ¹⁴C was seen for all compounds. Depuration studies showed complete elimination of ¹⁴C for carbamazepine and fluoxetine treatments and partial elimination for orlistat and diclofenac, with greater than 30% of the ¹⁴C remaining in the tissue at the end of the experiment. Pore-water-based bioconcentration factors (BCFs), based on uptake and elimination of ¹⁴C, increased in the order carbamazepine < diclofenac < fluoxetine and orlistat. Liquid chromatography鈥搕andem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography鈥揊ourier transform mass spectrometry indicated that the observed uptake in the fluoxetine and carbamazepine treatments was due to the parent compounds but that diclofenac was degraded in the test system so uptake was due to unidentifiable transformation products. Comparison of our data with outputs of quantitative structure鈭抋ctivity relationships for estimating BCFs in worms showed that these models tend to overestimate pharmaceutical BCFs so new models are needed.