Fate, Transport, and Biodegradation of Natural Estrogens in the Environment and Engineered Systems
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- 作者：Samir Kumar Khanal ; Bin Xie ; Michael L. Thompson ; Shihwu Sung ; Say-Kee Ong ; J. (Hans) van Leeuwen
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2006
- 出版时间：November 1, 2006
- 年：2006
- 卷：40
- 期：21
- 页码：6537 - 6546
- 全文大小：162K
- 年卷期：v.40,no.21(November 1, 2006)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Natural steroidal estrogen hormones, e.g., estrone (E1), 17
-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17
-estradiol (17), arereleased by humans and livestock in the environment andare the most potent endocrine disrupters even at nanogramper liter levels. Published studies broadly concludethat conventional wastewater treatment is efficient in theremoval of 17-estradiol (85-99%), but estrone removalis relatively poor (25-80%). The removal occurs mainly throughsorption by sludge and subsequent biodegradation. Thelong solids retention time in wastewater treatment systemsenhances estrogen removal due to longer exposure andthe presence of a diverse microbial community, particularlynitrifiers. In spite of the treatment, the effluent fromconventional biological wastewater treatment systemsstill contains estrogenic compounds at a level that maycause disruption of endocrine systems in some species.Advanced wastewater treatment systems such as membraneprocesses remove the estrogen compounds mainlythrough physical straining of particle-bound estrogens.Another major source, which accounts for 90% of the estrogenload, is animal manure from concentrated animal-feeding operations (CAFOs). Manure is not required to betreated in the United States as long as it is not dischargeddirectly into water bodies. Thus, there is an urgent need tostudy the fate of animal-borne estrogens from thesefacilities into the environment. A number of studies havereported the feminization of male aquatic species in waterbodies receiving the effluents from wastewater treatmentplants (WWTPs) or surface runoff from fields amendedwith livestock manure and municipal biosolids. Estrogenicitymonitoring studies have been conducted in more than 30countries, and abundant research articles are now availablein refereed journals. This review paper focuses onestrogen contributions by wastewater and livestock manure,their removal rate and mechanisms in an engineeredsystem, and their transport and ultimate fate in an engineeredsystem and the environment. The review aims to advanceour understanding of fate, transport, and biodegradationof estrogen compounds and outlines some directions forfuture research.
-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17-estradiol (17), arereleased by humans and livestock in the environment andare the most potent endocrine disrupters even at nanogramper liter levels. Published studies broadly concludethat conventional wastewater treatment is efficient in theremoval of 17-estradiol (85-99%), but estrone removalis relatively poor (25-80%). The removal occurs mainly throughsorption by sludge and subsequent biodegradation. Thelong solids retention time in wastewater treatment systemsenhances estrogen removal due to longer exposure andthe presence of a diverse microbial community, particularlynitrifiers. In spite of the treatment, the effluent fromconventional biological wastewater treatment systemsstill contains estrogenic compounds at a level that maycause disruption of endocrine systems in some species.Advanced wastewater treatment systems such as membraneprocesses remove the estrogen compounds mainlythrough physical straining of particle-bound estrogens.Another major source, which accounts for 90% of the estrogenload, is animal manure from concentrated animal-feeding operations (CAFOs). Manure is not required to betreated in the United States as long as it is not dischargeddirectly into water bodies. Thus, there is an urgent need tostudy the fate of animal-borne estrogens from thesefacilities into the environment. A number of studies havereported the feminization of male aquatic species in waterbodies receiving the effluents from wastewater treatmentplants (WWTPs) or surface runoff from fields amendedwith livestock manure and municipal biosolids. Estrogenicitymonitoring studies have been conducted in more than 30countries, and abundant research articles are now availablein refereed journals. This review paper focuses onestrogen contributions by wastewater and livestock manure,their removal rate and mechanisms in an engineeredsystem, and their transport and ultimate fate in an engineeredsystem and the environment. The review aims to advanceour understanding of fate, transport, and biodegradationof estrogen compounds and outlines some directions forfuture research.