Based on the DFT theory and first-principles calculations, we found that both the oscillatory relaxed surface geometry and Ag-Sb doping configuration exert prominent effects on the electronic properties and doping stability of an Ag-Sb co-doped PbTe (1 0 0) surface. Ag and Sb atoms tend to form Ag-Sb nanodots in the subsurface layers and the thermoelectric performance of PbTe may be improved through Ag-Sb doping into PbTe thin film due to the enhancement and distortion of the density of states near the Fermi level.