Continuing Risk of Ipsilateral Breast Relapse After Breast-Conserving Therapy at Long-Term Follow-up

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• 作者：Bas Kreike ; Augustinus A.M. Hart ; Tony van de Velde ; Jacques Borger ; Hans Peterse ; Emiel Rutgers ; Harry Bartelink ; Marc J. van de Vijver
• 关键词：Breast neoplasm ; Local neoplasm recurrence ; Risk factors ; Breast-conserving therapy ; Radiotherapy
• 刊名：International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics
• 出版年：2008
• 期刊代码：136_03603016
• 类别：med
• 出版时间：15 July 2008
• 卷：71
• 期：4
• 页码：1014-1021
• 文件大小：442 K

摘要

This paper examines the impacts of including external costs such as environmental and health damages from power production on power generation expansion planning in Vietnam. Using the MARKAL model and covering a 20-year period to 2025, the study shows that there are substantial changes in the generation structure in favor of renewable energy technologies and other low emitting technologies. These changes lead to a reduction in fossil fuel requirements, and consequently, a reduction of CO₂, NO_x, SO₂, and PM emissions which could be expected to also reduce the associated environmental and human health impacts. The avoided external costs would be equivalent to 4.4 US cent/kWh. However, these gains are not free as the additional electricity production cost would be around 2.6 US cent/kWh higher if the switch to more expensive, but lower emitting technologies were made. The net benefit of internalizing these externalities is thus around 1.8 US cent/kWh.