To confirm that TNF-伪 induces epithelial barrier hyperpermeability by disrupting tight junction, Caco-2 cells were exposed to TNF-伪, and changes in epithelial permeability (via TER assay), F-actin dynamics (via Rhodamine-phalloidin staining) and tight junction protein expression (via western blot) were monitored. Moreover, to ensure that NF-魏B participated in the regulatory mechanisms, Caco-2 cells were transfected with DNMu-I魏B伪 or control plasmids, the above experiments were repeated and the activation effect of TNF-伪 on NF-魏B was detected by luciferase reporter assays. Lastly, we took dominant negative plasmid and knockdown approaches to investigate the potential importance of the NF-魏B/myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)/myosin light chain phosphorylation (pMLC) pathways in TNF-a-mediated damage.
TNF-伪 could cause NF-魏B activation, F-actin rearrangement, tight junction disruption and barrier dysfunction. These effects were alleviated by inhibiting NF-魏B. TNF-伪 induced increase of MLCK transcription and MLC phosphorylation act later than NF-魏B activation, which could be suppressed both by inactivating and deleting NF-魏B.
TNF-伪 induces intestinal epithelial cell hyperpermeability by disrupting TJs, in part through MLCK upregulation, in which NF-魏B is the positive upstream regulator for MLCK.