放牧对内蒙古典型草原枯落物积累及分解的影响
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摘要
文中依托中国农业科学院草原研究所锡林浩特试验基地的放牧控制试验平台,测定了大针茅+羊草草原不同放牧强度下枯落物量及厚度,采用分解袋法测定了不同放牧小区内的枯落物残留率和分解速率,研究了短期放牧时间内,放牧强度对大针茅+羊草草原枯落物分解的影响。研究结果表明:1)不同放牧强度下枯落物现存量存在极显著差异(p <0. 01),且随放牧强度的增加而减少,极重度放牧下枯落物现存量比CK减少了95. 49%;2)不同放牧强度下枯落物厚度存在显著差异(p <0. 05),且随放牧强度的增加而减少,比CK减少了25. 93%~93. 22%;3)分解第一年,枯落物质量损失率最大,为45. 75%~53. 1%,尤其是分解的前90天(6~8月),水热条件较好,有利于土壤微生物的生长和繁殖,对枯落物的分解具有促进作用,枯落物质量损失率达到20%左右。分解第二年枯落物分解变慢,质量损失率为12. 55%~20. 8%。4)放牧不同程度的加快了枯落物的分解,轻度和中度放牧强度下分解速率最快,其次为重度和极重度放牧,围封对照区枯落物分解最慢,说明适度放牧更有利于枯落物分解。
Based on a short-term litter decomposition experiment carried out on Xilinhot grazing experiment platform that is set by Grassland Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,litter mass and litter decomposition rate under different grazing intensities were measured using field litterbag experiment. The effect of different grazing intensities on litter decomposition of Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis steppe during short-term grazing were studied. The result showed that:1) There is a significant difference in litter mass under different grazing intensity. The litter mass decreases with the increase of grazing intensity. The litter mass in EG is reduced by 95. 49% compared with CK. 2) There is a significant difference in litter thickness under different grazing intensity,and it decreases with the increase of grazing intensity. It decreases by 25. 93 ~ 93. 22% compared with that in CK. 3) In the first year of decomposition,the litter quality loss rate is from 45. 75% to 53.1%,especially in the first 90 days,the water-heat condition is better,which is beneficial to the growth and reproduction of soil microorganisms,and can promote the litter decomposition. In this period,the litter quality loss rate reach about 20%. In the second year of decomposition,the litter decomposition become slow,and the litter quality loss rate is about 12. 55% to 20. 8%. 4) Grazing can accelerate litter decomposition rate in different degrees. Litter decomposition rates in LG and MG are faster than that in other treatments. Moderate grazing is more conducive to litter decomposition.
Based on a short-term litter decomposition experiment carried out on Xilinhot grazing experiment platform that is set by Grassland Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,litter mass and litter decomposition rate under different grazing intensities were measured using field litterbag experiment. The effect of different grazing intensities on litter decomposition of Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis steppe during short-term grazing were studied. The result showed that:1) There is a significant difference in litter mass under different grazing intensity. The litter mass decreases with the increase of grazing intensity. The litter mass in EG is reduced by 95. 49% compared with CK. 2) There is a significant difference in litter thickness under different grazing intensity,and it decreases with the increase of grazing intensity. It decreases by 25. 93 ~ 93. 22% compared with that in CK. 3) In the first year of decomposition,the litter quality loss rate is from 45. 75% to 53.1%,especially in the first 90 days,the water-heat condition is better,which is beneficial to the growth and reproduction of soil microorganisms,and can promote the litter decomposition. In this period,the litter quality loss rate reach about 20%. In the second year of decomposition,the litter decomposition become slow,and the litter quality loss rate is about 12. 55% to 20. 8%. 4) Grazing can accelerate litter decomposition rate in different degrees. Litter decomposition rates in LG and MG are faster than that in other treatments. Moderate grazing is more conducive to litter decomposition.
引文
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[2]徐柱.面向21世纪的中国草地资源[J].中国草地,1998(5):1-8.
[3]陈佐忠,汪诗平.中国典型草原生态系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:125-156.
[4]林波,刘庆,吴彦,等.森林凋落物研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):60-64.
[5]Berendse F. Litter decomposability-a neglected component of plant fitness[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1994,82(1):187-190.
[6]马琳,李学斌,谢应忠.草地生态系统枯落物分解及功能研究[J].草业与畜牧,2011(12):7-12,24.
[7]Raich J W,Tufekciogul A. Vegetation and soil respiration:Correlations and controls[J]. Biogeochemistry,2000,48:71-90.
[8]王忆慧,龚吉蕊,刘敏,等.草地利用方式对土壤呼吸和凋落物分解的影响[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(3):239-248.
[9]李学斌,陈林,吴秀玲,等.荒漠草原4种典型植物群落枯落物分解速率及影响因素[J].生态学报,2015,35(12):1-13.
[10]陈瑾,李扬,黄建辉.内蒙古典型草原4种优势植物凋落物的混合分解研究[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(1):9-16.
[11]杨丽丽,龚吉蕊,王忆慧,等.内蒙古温带草原不同放牧强度和围栏封育对凋落物分解的影响[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(8):748-759.
[12]刘忠款,汪诗平,韩建国,等.内蒙古温带典型草原植物凋落物和根系的分解及养分动态的研究[J].草业学报,2005,14(1):24-30.
[13]张建文,徐长林,杨海磊,等.高寒草甸冷季放牧对凋落物分解及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(10):2009-2015.
[14]单玉梅.放牧强度和草地利用方式对内蒙古典型草原土壤氮矿化和凋落物分解的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011:1-2.
[15]侯扶江,常生华,于应文,等.放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):784-789.
[16]肖绪培,宋乃平,王兴,等.放牧干扰对荒漠草原土壤和植被的影响[J].中国水土保持,2013(12):19-23.
[17]Facelli J M,Pickett S T A. Plant litter:Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure[J]. Botanical Review,1991,57(1):2-7.
[18]Koller R,Robin C,Bonkowski M,et al. Litter quality as driving factor for plant nutrition via grazing of protozoa on soil microorganisms[J].Fems Microbiology Ecology,2013,85(2):241-250.
[19]Risch A C,Schotz M,Vandegehuchte M L,et al. Aboveground vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore Impact on net N mineralization in subalpine grasslands[J]. Ecology,2015,96(12):3312-3322.
[20]Bai Y,Wu J,Pan Q,et al. Positive linear relationship between productivity and diversity:evidence from the Eurasian Steppe[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,44(5):1023-1034.
[21]郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究-自然状态下枯枝落叶的积累及放牧、割草对积累量的影响[J].生态学报,1994,14(3):255-259.
[22]Hou X Y,Wang Z,Michael S P,et al. The response of grassland productivity,soil carbon content and soil respiration rates to different grazing regimes in a desert steppe in Northern China[J]. Rangeland Journal,2014,36(6):573-582.
[23]Wang Y,Gong J R,Liu M,et al. Effects of land use and precipitation on above-and below-ground litter decomposition in a semi-arid temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia,China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2015,96:183-191.
[24]王永明,王忠武,韩国栋,等.典型草原不同放牧强度凋落物的持水能力[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(9):155-159.
[25]Su Y Z,Li Y L,Cui J Y,et al. Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland,Inner Mongolia,northern China[J]. Catena,2005,59(3):267-278.
[26]姚国征,高永,杨婷婷,等.放牧对小针茅荒漠草原枯落物及植被生产力的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(10):93-97.
[27]Olofsson J,Oksanen I. Role of litter decomposition for the increased primary production in areas heavily grazed by reindeer:a litterbag experiment[J]. Likos,2002,96(3):507-515.
[28]Carrere A L,Bertiller M B,Larreguy C. Leaf litterfall,fine-root production,and decomposition in shrub lands with different canopy structure induced by grazing in the Patagonian Monte,Argentina[J]. Plant﹠Soil,2008,311(1/2):39-50.
[29]Hiltbrunner D,Schulze S,Hagedorn F,et al. Cattle trampling alters soil properties and changes soil microbial communities in a Swiss sub-alpine pasture[J]. Geoderma,2012,170:369-377.
[30]侯扶江,杨中艺.放牧对草地的作用[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):244-264.
[31]王苗苗,侯扶江.草地凋落物分解的主要影响因素[J].草业科学,2012,29(10):1631-1637.
[32]侯虹.大针茅(Stipa grandis)草原群落枯落物特征及分解动态研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2013:34-35.
[33]Ritchie M E,Tilman D,Knops J M H. Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in oak savanna[J]. Ecology,1998,79(1):165-177.
[34]Wilson J B,Agnew A D Q. Positive-feedback switches in plant communities[J]. Advances in Ecological Research,1992,23:263-336.
[35]Luo C Y,Xu G P,Chao Z G,et al. Effect of warming and grazing on litter mass loss and temperature sensitivity of litter and dung mass loss on the Tibetan plateau[J]. Global Change Biology,2010,16(5):1606-1617.
[36]Garibaldi L A,Semmartin M,Chaneton E J. Grazing-induced changes in plant composition affect litter quality and nutrient cycling in flooding Pampa grasslands[J]. Oecologia,2007,151(4):650-662.
[37]魏晓凤.松嫩草地不同放牧强度下植物物种枯落物分解的变化规律研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2013:1-2,25.
[38]Holt J A. Grazing pressure and soil carbon,microbial biomass and enzyme activities in semi-arid northeastern Australia[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,1997,5(2):132-149.
[39]Giese M,Gao Y Z,Zhao Y,et al. Effects of grazing and rainfall variability on root and shoot decomposition in a semi-arid grassland[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2009,41(1):8-18.
[40]姚国征,杨婷婷,高永,等.放牧强度对小针茅草原枯落物分解的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(7):167-171.
[2]徐柱.面向21世纪的中国草地资源[J].中国草地,1998(5):1-8.
[3]陈佐忠,汪诗平.中国典型草原生态系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:125-156.
[4]林波,刘庆,吴彦,等.森林凋落物研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):60-64.
[5]Berendse F. Litter decomposability-a neglected component of plant fitness[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1994,82(1):187-190.
[6]马琳,李学斌,谢应忠.草地生态系统枯落物分解及功能研究[J].草业与畜牧,2011(12):7-12,24.
[7]Raich J W,Tufekciogul A. Vegetation and soil respiration:Correlations and controls[J]. Biogeochemistry,2000,48:71-90.
[8]王忆慧,龚吉蕊,刘敏,等.草地利用方式对土壤呼吸和凋落物分解的影响[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(3):239-248.
[9]李学斌,陈林,吴秀玲,等.荒漠草原4种典型植物群落枯落物分解速率及影响因素[J].生态学报,2015,35(12):1-13.
[10]陈瑾,李扬,黄建辉.内蒙古典型草原4种优势植物凋落物的混合分解研究[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(1):9-16.
[11]杨丽丽,龚吉蕊,王忆慧,等.内蒙古温带草原不同放牧强度和围栏封育对凋落物分解的影响[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(8):748-759.
[12]刘忠款,汪诗平,韩建国,等.内蒙古温带典型草原植物凋落物和根系的分解及养分动态的研究[J].草业学报,2005,14(1):24-30.
[13]张建文,徐长林,杨海磊,等.高寒草甸冷季放牧对凋落物分解及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(10):2009-2015.
[14]单玉梅.放牧强度和草地利用方式对内蒙古典型草原土壤氮矿化和凋落物分解的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011:1-2.
[15]侯扶江,常生华,于应文,等.放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):784-789.
[16]肖绪培,宋乃平,王兴,等.放牧干扰对荒漠草原土壤和植被的影响[J].中国水土保持,2013(12):19-23.
[17]Facelli J M,Pickett S T A. Plant litter:Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure[J]. Botanical Review,1991,57(1):2-7.
[18]Koller R,Robin C,Bonkowski M,et al. Litter quality as driving factor for plant nutrition via grazing of protozoa on soil microorganisms[J].Fems Microbiology Ecology,2013,85(2):241-250.
[19]Risch A C,Schotz M,Vandegehuchte M L,et al. Aboveground vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore Impact on net N mineralization in subalpine grasslands[J]. Ecology,2015,96(12):3312-3322.
[20]Bai Y,Wu J,Pan Q,et al. Positive linear relationship between productivity and diversity:evidence from the Eurasian Steppe[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,44(5):1023-1034.
[21]郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究-自然状态下枯枝落叶的积累及放牧、割草对积累量的影响[J].生态学报,1994,14(3):255-259.
[22]Hou X Y,Wang Z,Michael S P,et al. The response of grassland productivity,soil carbon content and soil respiration rates to different grazing regimes in a desert steppe in Northern China[J]. Rangeland Journal,2014,36(6):573-582.
[23]Wang Y,Gong J R,Liu M,et al. Effects of land use and precipitation on above-and below-ground litter decomposition in a semi-arid temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia,China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2015,96:183-191.
[24]王永明,王忠武,韩国栋,等.典型草原不同放牧强度凋落物的持水能力[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(9):155-159.
[25]Su Y Z,Li Y L,Cui J Y,et al. Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland,Inner Mongolia,northern China[J]. Catena,2005,59(3):267-278.
[26]姚国征,高永,杨婷婷,等.放牧对小针茅荒漠草原枯落物及植被生产力的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(10):93-97.
[27]Olofsson J,Oksanen I. Role of litter decomposition for the increased primary production in areas heavily grazed by reindeer:a litterbag experiment[J]. Likos,2002,96(3):507-515.
[28]Carrere A L,Bertiller M B,Larreguy C. Leaf litterfall,fine-root production,and decomposition in shrub lands with different canopy structure induced by grazing in the Patagonian Monte,Argentina[J]. Plant﹠Soil,2008,311(1/2):39-50.
[29]Hiltbrunner D,Schulze S,Hagedorn F,et al. Cattle trampling alters soil properties and changes soil microbial communities in a Swiss sub-alpine pasture[J]. Geoderma,2012,170:369-377.
[30]侯扶江,杨中艺.放牧对草地的作用[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):244-264.
[31]王苗苗,侯扶江.草地凋落物分解的主要影响因素[J].草业科学,2012,29(10):1631-1637.
[32]侯虹.大针茅(Stipa grandis)草原群落枯落物特征及分解动态研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2013:34-35.
[33]Ritchie M E,Tilman D,Knops J M H. Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in oak savanna[J]. Ecology,1998,79(1):165-177.
[34]Wilson J B,Agnew A D Q. Positive-feedback switches in plant communities[J]. Advances in Ecological Research,1992,23:263-336.
[35]Luo C Y,Xu G P,Chao Z G,et al. Effect of warming and grazing on litter mass loss and temperature sensitivity of litter and dung mass loss on the Tibetan plateau[J]. Global Change Biology,2010,16(5):1606-1617.
[36]Garibaldi L A,Semmartin M,Chaneton E J. Grazing-induced changes in plant composition affect litter quality and nutrient cycling in flooding Pampa grasslands[J]. Oecologia,2007,151(4):650-662.
[37]魏晓凤.松嫩草地不同放牧强度下植物物种枯落物分解的变化规律研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2013:1-2,25.
[38]Holt J A. Grazing pressure and soil carbon,microbial biomass and enzyme activities in semi-arid northeastern Australia[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,1997,5(2):132-149.
[39]Giese M,Gao Y Z,Zhao Y,et al. Effects of grazing and rainfall variability on root and shoot decomposition in a semi-arid grassland[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2009,41(1):8-18.
[40]姚国征,杨婷婷,高永,等.放牧强度对小针茅草原枯落物分解的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(7):167-171.