基于系统韧性的三角洲空间规划方法
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摘要
我国40多年的城市化发展走过了西方国家120多年的发展历程,三角洲规划和设计已进入了更加综合考虑城市和蓝绿系统之间韧性发展的新时代。针对未来发展中三角洲系统面临的复杂性、动态性、不确定性和高脆弱性的问题,提出一种基于系统韧性的三角洲空间规划方法。首先,分析了三角洲空间规划面临的焦点问题,提出对外部不确定性扰动的认识欠缺与对系统复杂性的理解不足是造成三角洲一些空间表象问题的本质原因。基于此,阐述了系统韧性视角下的三角洲空间规划应具有的特点。其次,提出了基于系统韧性的三角洲空间规划原则,重点阐述了基于系统韧性的三角洲空间规划方法。最后,例举了基于系统韧性的三角洲空间规划在荷兰莱茵河三角洲与我国珠江三角洲实践的案例,认为:基于系统韧性的空间规划方法可以为多尺度、多要素、多目标的三角洲区域发展提供有益的参考。
Chinese urbanization in past 40 years has gone through 120 years of development in the western country. Delta spatial planning has entered into a new era of comprehensive consideration for resilient development between urban and blue-green system.Because of the complexity, dynamics and uncertainty of Delta future development, this paper proposes a method towards a spatial planning methodology based on systematic resilience in Delta. First of all, it is clarified that the lack of understanding of internal complex interactions and external uncertain disturbances are essential causes of delta, Based on that, characteristics of spatial system in delta from the perspective of systematic thinking are introduced. Secondly, principles of spatial planning, as well as an innovative methodological framework of spatial planning in delta are respectively proposed in details based on systematic thinking. Finally, the applications of the systematic planning in deltas in both the Netherlands and China are analyzed. This paper believes that spatial planning methodology based on systematic resilience can provide planners with a useful reference for the long-term development of multi-scales, multi-elements and multi-objectives delta.
Chinese urbanization in past 40 years has gone through 120 years of development in the western country. Delta spatial planning has entered into a new era of comprehensive consideration for resilient development between urban and blue-green system.Because of the complexity, dynamics and uncertainty of Delta future development, this paper proposes a method towards a spatial planning methodology based on systematic resilience in Delta. First of all, it is clarified that the lack of understanding of internal complex interactions and external uncertain disturbances are essential causes of delta, Based on that, characteristics of spatial system in delta from the perspective of systematic thinking are introduced. Secondly, principles of spatial planning, as well as an innovative methodological framework of spatial planning in delta are respectively proposed in details based on systematic thinking. Finally, the applications of the systematic planning in deltas in both the Netherlands and China are analyzed. This paper believes that spatial planning methodology based on systematic resilience can provide planners with a useful reference for the long-term development of multi-scales, multi-elements and multi-objectives delta.
引文
[1] Meyer H, Nijhuis S. Urbanizing Deltas in Transition [M]// Urbanizing Deltas in Transition. Techne Press, Amsterdam. 2014:7-9.
[2] IPCC. Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014
[3] 仇保兴. 复杂科学与城市规划变革[J]. 城市规划, 2009,33(4):11-26
[4] 张庭伟. 复杂性理论及人工智能在规划中的应用[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2017(6):9-15
[5] Castells M. The Informational City: Information Technology Economic Restructuring and the Urban-Regional Process [M]. OUP Oxford, 1989:193-197
[6] Holland J H. Emergence: From Chaos to Order[M]. OUP Oxford, 2000:32-35
[7] Portugali J, Meyer H, Stolk E, et al. Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age:An Overview with Implications to Urban Planning and Design[M]// Complexity Theories of Cities: Achievements, Criticism and Potentials. Springer, Cham, 2012:47-67.
[8] Meyer H, Nijhuis S. Designing for Different Dynamics: The Search for a New Practice of Planning and Design in the Dutch Delta[M]//Complexity, Cognition, Urban Planning and Design. Springer, Cham, 2016: 293-312.
[9] Nijhuis S, Jauslin D, Hoeven F. Flowscapes. Designing Infrastructure as Landscape [M]// Urban Landscape Infrastructures—Designing Operative Landscape Structures for the Built Environment.. TU Delft, 2015:13-35
[10] 刘志丹, 张纯,宋彦. 促进城市的可持续发展:多维度、多尺度的城市形态研究——中美城市形态研究的综述及启示[J]. 国际城市规划.2012,27(2): 47-53.
[11] Meerow S, Newell J P, Stults M. Defining Urban Resilience: A review [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2016,147:38-49.
[12] Ahern J. From Fail-Safe to Safe-to-Fail: Sustainability and Resilience in the New Urban World [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2011,100:341-343.
[13] 戴伟,孙一民,韩·迈尔,等.气候变化下的三角洲城市韧性规划研究 [J]. 城市规划. 2017, 41(12):26-34.
[14] 欧阳虹彬,叶强. 弹性城市理论演化评述:概念、脉络与趋势 [J]. 城市规划. 2016, 40 (3):34-42.
[15] 刘丹. 弹性城市与规划研究进展解析[J]. 城市规划. 2018, 42 (5):114-122.
[16] Desouza K C, Flanery T H. Designing, Planning, and Managing Resilience Cities: A Conceptual Framework[J]. Cities. 2013,35:89-99.
[17] 赫磊,宋彦,戴慎志. 城市规划应对不确定性问题的范式研究 [J].城市规划, 2012,36(7):15-22.
[18] Lee M. Geodesign Scenarios [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2016,156: 9-11.
[19] 俞孔坚,王思思,李迪华,等. 北京市生态安全格局及城市增长预景 [J].生态学报, 2009,29(3):1189-1204.
[20] 王睿,周均清. 城市规划中的情景规划方法研究 [J].国际城市规划, 2007,22(2):89-92.
[21] 张书海,冯长春,刘长青.荷兰空间规划体系及其新动向[J].国际城市规划,2014(5):89-94.
[22] Meyer H, Broesi R, Burg L, et al. A Retrospective Analysis of the Delta: Mapping the System′s Evolution [M]//New Perspectives on Urbanizing Deltas——A Complex Adaptive Systems Approach to Planning and Design. MUST Publisher. 2015:61-90
[23] Ruimtevoorderivier. Room for Rivers [EB/OL]. https://www.ruimtevoorderivier.nl/english/. 2016
[24] 广东省城乡规划设计研究院. 珠江三角洲全域规划 2015-2020 [Z]. 2015
[25] James Corner Field Operation. International Consultancy of Conceptual Planning of Qian Hai Region City of Shenzhen, P.R of China [Z]. 2010
[26] Xiong L, Nijhuis S. Exploring spatial relationships in the Pearl River Delta[M]//Cities as Spatial and Social Networks. Springer, Cham. 2019:147-163
[2] IPCC. Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014
[3] 仇保兴. 复杂科学与城市规划变革[J]. 城市规划, 2009,33(4):11-26
[4] 张庭伟. 复杂性理论及人工智能在规划中的应用[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2017(6):9-15
[5] Castells M. The Informational City: Information Technology Economic Restructuring and the Urban-Regional Process [M]. OUP Oxford, 1989:193-197
[6] Holland J H. Emergence: From Chaos to Order[M]. OUP Oxford, 2000:32-35
[7] Portugali J, Meyer H, Stolk E, et al. Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age:An Overview with Implications to Urban Planning and Design[M]// Complexity Theories of Cities: Achievements, Criticism and Potentials. Springer, Cham, 2012:47-67.
[8] Meyer H, Nijhuis S. Designing for Different Dynamics: The Search for a New Practice of Planning and Design in the Dutch Delta[M]//Complexity, Cognition, Urban Planning and Design. Springer, Cham, 2016: 293-312.
[9] Nijhuis S, Jauslin D, Hoeven F. Flowscapes. Designing Infrastructure as Landscape [M]// Urban Landscape Infrastructures—Designing Operative Landscape Structures for the Built Environment.. TU Delft, 2015:13-35
[10] 刘志丹, 张纯,宋彦. 促进城市的可持续发展:多维度、多尺度的城市形态研究——中美城市形态研究的综述及启示[J]. 国际城市规划.2012,27(2): 47-53.
[11] Meerow S, Newell J P, Stults M. Defining Urban Resilience: A review [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2016,147:38-49.
[12] Ahern J. From Fail-Safe to Safe-to-Fail: Sustainability and Resilience in the New Urban World [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2011,100:341-343.
[13] 戴伟,孙一民,韩·迈尔,等.气候变化下的三角洲城市韧性规划研究 [J]. 城市规划. 2017, 41(12):26-34.
[14] 欧阳虹彬,叶强. 弹性城市理论演化评述:概念、脉络与趋势 [J]. 城市规划. 2016, 40 (3):34-42.
[15] 刘丹. 弹性城市与规划研究进展解析[J]. 城市规划. 2018, 42 (5):114-122.
[16] Desouza K C, Flanery T H. Designing, Planning, and Managing Resilience Cities: A Conceptual Framework[J]. Cities. 2013,35:89-99.
[17] 赫磊,宋彦,戴慎志. 城市规划应对不确定性问题的范式研究 [J].城市规划, 2012,36(7):15-22.
[18] Lee M. Geodesign Scenarios [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2016,156: 9-11.
[19] 俞孔坚,王思思,李迪华,等. 北京市生态安全格局及城市增长预景 [J].生态学报, 2009,29(3):1189-1204.
[20] 王睿,周均清. 城市规划中的情景规划方法研究 [J].国际城市规划, 2007,22(2):89-92.
[21] 张书海,冯长春,刘长青.荷兰空间规划体系及其新动向[J].国际城市规划,2014(5):89-94.
[22] Meyer H, Broesi R, Burg L, et al. A Retrospective Analysis of the Delta: Mapping the System′s Evolution [M]//New Perspectives on Urbanizing Deltas——A Complex Adaptive Systems Approach to Planning and Design. MUST Publisher. 2015:61-90
[23] Ruimtevoorderivier. Room for Rivers [EB/OL]. https://www.ruimtevoorderivier.nl/english/. 2016
[24] 广东省城乡规划设计研究院. 珠江三角洲全域规划 2015-2020 [Z]. 2015
[25] James Corner Field Operation. International Consultancy of Conceptual Planning of Qian Hai Region City of Shenzhen, P.R of China [Z]. 2010
[26] Xiong L, Nijhuis S. Exploring spatial relationships in the Pearl River Delta[M]//Cities as Spatial and Social Networks. Springer, Cham. 2019:147-163
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