尼日尔三角洲的沉积-构造特征
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摘要
尼日尔三角洲位于非洲大陆西海岸的几内亚湾,由尼日尔河注入大西洋形成的,是世界上最大的三角洲之一。它发育于冈瓦纳大陆裂解形成的中、西非裂谷系和大西洋被动大陆边缘交汇部位,主体位于大西洋洋壳之上,部分位于非洲前寒武纪结晶基底之上。中、西非中生代裂谷系通过控制贝努埃-尼日尔河系的发育,间接控制三角洲的形成演化。尼日尔三角洲是一个进积型三角洲,具有典型的进积三角洲沉积序列,自下而上依次是海相页岩(Akata组)、近海三角洲相砂岩-页岩互层(Agbada组)和陆相冲积砂岩(Benin组)。三个岩石地层单位均规律性穿时,向洋方向变新。尼日尔三角洲层序中发育一大型重力滑动构造。该重力滑动构造的主滑脱面位于Akata海相页岩中,可以划分出前缘挤压构造变形区和后缘拉张伸展构造变形区。挤压构造变形区发育褶皱冲断带,伸展构造变形区发育堑垒构造,两者之间的过渡带发育滑脱褶皱。尼日尔三角洲的重力构造伴生有广泛发育的泥构造。重力动构造的形成可能与新生代喀麦隆火山带(Cameroon volcanic line)有一定的关系。
The Niger Delta,one of the largest delta in the world,is located on the eastern passive continental margin of the Atlantic Ocean. It was formed during the Niger River entering the Atlantic Ocean. The main part of the delta lies on the Atlantic oceanic crust,and the minor part on the African pre-Cambrian basement. The Central and West African Rift Systems indirectly control the formation of the Niger Delta through controlling the distribution and development of the Benue-Niger river system. It is a prograded delta with typical prograding sequence,i. e.,regressive sequence. The prograding sequence is constituted with the marine shale( Akata Formation),paralic sand and shale( Agbada Formation) and continental alluvial sands( Benin Formation) from the bottom to the top. These three lithostratigraphic units are diachronous. All of them are younger seaward. There is a large scale gravity gliding tectonics. The main detachment fault lies in the Akata marine shale. The gravity tectonics can be divided into the front compressional deformation province and the trail extensional deformation province. The front compressional deformation formed a fold-thrust belt. The trail extensional deformation formed horst-graben structures. The detachment folds are well developed in the transitional zone between these two deformation provinces. Accompanied with the gravity-gliding tectonics,shale tectonics are widely developed in the Niger Delta. There is possibly some formation-relation between the gravity-gliding tectonics and the Cenozoic volcanic activities of the Cameroon volcanic line.
The Niger Delta,one of the largest delta in the world,is located on the eastern passive continental margin of the Atlantic Ocean. It was formed during the Niger River entering the Atlantic Ocean. The main part of the delta lies on the Atlantic oceanic crust,and the minor part on the African pre-Cambrian basement. The Central and West African Rift Systems indirectly control the formation of the Niger Delta through controlling the distribution and development of the Benue-Niger river system. It is a prograded delta with typical prograding sequence,i. e.,regressive sequence. The prograding sequence is constituted with the marine shale( Akata Formation),paralic sand and shale( Agbada Formation) and continental alluvial sands( Benin Formation) from the bottom to the top. These three lithostratigraphic units are diachronous. All of them are younger seaward. There is a large scale gravity gliding tectonics. The main detachment fault lies in the Akata marine shale. The gravity tectonics can be divided into the front compressional deformation province and the trail extensional deformation province. The front compressional deformation formed a fold-thrust belt. The trail extensional deformation formed horst-graben structures. The detachment folds are well developed in the transitional zone between these two deformation provinces. Accompanied with the gravity-gliding tectonics,shale tectonics are widely developed in the Niger Delta. There is possibly some formation-relation between the gravity-gliding tectonics and the Cenozoic volcanic activities of the Cameroon volcanic line.
引文
Allen JRL.1965.Late Quaternary Niger delta and adjacent areasedimentary environments and lithofacies.AAPG Bulletin,49(5):547-600
Allen JRL.1970.Sediments of the modern Niger Delta:A summary and review.In:Morgan JP(ed.).Deltaic Sedimentation,Modern and Ancient.Tulsa:SEPM,138-151
Avbovbo AA.1978.Tertiary lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta:Geologic notes.AAPG Bulletin,62(2):295-300
Benkhelil J.1987.The origin and evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough(Nigeria).Journal of African Earth Sciences(and the Middle East),8(2-4):251-282
Bumby AJ and Guiraud R.2005.The geodynamic setting of the Phanerozoic basins of Africa.Journal of African Earth Sciences,43(1-3):1-12
Burke K.1972.Longshore drift,submarine canyons,and submarine fans in development of Niger Delta.AAPG Bulletin,56(10):1975-1983
Cobbold PR,Clarke BJ and Lseth H.2009.Structural consequences of fluid overpressure and seepage forces in the outer thrust belt of the Niger Delta.Petroleum Geoscience,15(1):3-15
Corredor F,Shaw JH and Bilotti F.2005.Structural styles in the deepwater fold and thrust belts of the Niger Delta.AAPG Bulletin,89(6):753-780
Doust H and Omatsola E.1990.Niger Delta.In:Edwards JD and Santogrossi PA(eds.).Divergent/Passive Margin Basins.Tulsa:AAPG,239-248
Ekweozor CM and Daukoru EM.1994.Northern delta depobelt portion of the Akata-Agbada petroleum system,Niger Delta,Nigeria.In:Magon LB and Dow WG(eds.).The Petroleum System:From Source to Trap.Tulsa:AAPG,599-614
Evamy BD,Haremboure J,Kamerling P,Knaap WA,Molloy FA and Rowlands PH.1978.Hydrocarbon habitat of Tertiary Niger delta.AAPG Bulletin,62(1):1-39
Guiraud R and Bellion Y.1995.Late Carboniferous to Recent,geodynamic evolution of the West Gondwanian,cratonic,Tethyan margins.In:Nairn AEM,Ricou LE,Vrielynck B and Dercourt J(eds.).The Tethys Ocean.New York:Plenum Press,101-124
Guiraud R and Bosworth W.1999.Phanerozoic geodynamic evolution of northeastern Africa and the northwestern Arabian platform.Tectonophysics,315(1-4):73-104
Guiraud R,Bosworth W,Thierry J and Delplanque A.2005.Phanerozoic geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa:An overview.Journal of African Earth Sciences,43(1-3):83-143
Haack RC,Sundararaman P,Diedjomahor JO,Xiao HB,Gant NJ,May ED and Kelsch K.2000.Niger Delta petroleum systems,Nigeria.In:Mello MR and Katz BJ(eds.).Petroleum Systems of South Atlantic Margins.Tulsa:AAPG,213-231
Hospers J.1965.Gravity field and structure of the Niger delta,Nigeria,West Africa.Geological Society of America Bulletin,76(4):407-422
Hou GW.2006.Petroleum geology of Niger Delta and evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential in Stubb Creek marginal oil field.Ph.D.Dissertation.Beijing:China University of Geosciences,6-49(in Chinese with English summary)
Kaplan A,Lusser CU and Norton IO.1994.Tectonic Map of the World,Panel 10.Tulsa:AAPG
Knox GJ and Omatsola EM.1989.Development of the Cenozoic Niger delta in terms of the‘Escalator Regression’model and impact on hydrocarbon distribution.In:Van der Linden WJM,Cloetingh SAPL,Kaasschieter JPK,van de Graaff WJE,Vandenberghe J and van der Gun JAM(eds.).Coastal Lowlands:Geology and Geotechnology.Dordrecht:Springer,181-202
Li JH,Han XQ and Mao X.2014.Atlas of Global Tectonics.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,32-41(in Chinese)
Li YJ,Wen L,Li HL,Peng GX,Qiu B,Zheng DM,Luo JC,Zhang Qand Jia TG.2016.The Madong Early Paleozoic fold-thrust belt in southern Tarim Basin.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,115:247-256
Logar JE.1983.Afrique de l’Ouest.In:Well Evaluation Conference.Paris:Schlumberger,205
Maluski H,Coulon C,Popoff M and Baudin P.1995.40Ar/39Ar chronology,petrology and geodynamic setting of Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic magmatism from the Benue Trough,Nigeria.Journal of the Geological Society,152(2):311-326
Moulin M,Aslanian D and Unternehr P.2010.A new starting point for the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean.Earth-Science Reviews,98(1):1-37
Murat RC.1972.Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in southern Nigeria.In:Dessauvagie TFJ and Whiteman AJ(eds.).African Geology.Ibadan:Ibadan University Press,251-266
Nedeco(Netherlands Engineering Consultants).1959.River studies and recommendations on improvement of Niger and Benue.NorthHolland,Amsterdam,1-1000
Njome MS and de Wit MJ.2014.The Cameroon Line:Analysis of an intraplate magmatic province transecting both oceanic and continental lithospheres:Constraints,controversies and models.Earth-Science Reviews,139:168-194
Pérez-Díaz L and Eagles G.2017.A new high-resolution seafloor age grid for the South Atlantic.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,18(1):457-470
Reijers TJA,Petters SW and Nwajide CS.1997.The Niger Delta Basin.Sedimentary Basins of the World,3:151-172
Rouby D,Nalpas T,Jermannaud P,Robin C,Guillocheau F and Raillard S.2011.Gravity driven deformation controlled by the migration of the delta front:The Plio-Pleistocene of the Eastern Niger Delta.Tectonophysics,513(1-4):54-67
Sandwell DT and Smith WHF.2009.Global marine gravity from retracked Geosat and ERS-1 altimetry:Ridge segmentation versus spreading rate.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,114(B1):B01411
Short KC and Staeuble AJ.1967.Outline of geology of Niger delta.AAPG Bulletin,51(5):761-799
Sun YH and Liu L.2018.Structural evolution of thrust-related folds and associated fault systems in the eastern portion of the deep-water Niger Delta.Marine and Petroleum Geology,92:285-307
Tamunosiki D.2014.Study and application of reservoir characterization in the Niger Daelta,Nigeria,using seismic inversion technique.Ph.D.Dissertation.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,4-16(in English with Chinese summary)
Torsvik TH,Rousse S,Labails C and Smethurst MA.2009.A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin.Geophysical Journal International,177(3):1315-1333
Whiteman A.1982.Nigeria:Its Petroleum Geology,Resources and Potential.London:Graham and Trotman,1-394
Wilson M and Guiraud R.1998.Late Permian to Recent magmatic activity on the African-Arabian margin of Tethys.In:Mac Gregor DS,Moody RTJ and Clark-Lowes DD(eds.).Petroleum Geology of North Africa.Geological Society,London,Special Publication 132,231-263
Wu JE,Mc Clay K and Frankowicz E.2015.Niger Delta gravity-driven deformation above the relict Chain and Charcot oceanic fracture zones,Gulf of Guinea:Insights from analogue models.Marine and Petroleum Geology,65:43-62
Ying WH and Pan XH.1998.The Sirte Basin and Niger Delta Basin,Africa.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,97-203(in Chinese)
Yue PS.2012.Research of petroleum geology and petroleum resource potential in Niger Delta Basin.Master Degree Thesis.Xi’an:Chang’an University,7-56(in Chinese with English summary)
Zhao HH.2011.Study on sedimentary micro-facies and sand body in OML64 block,Niger Delta.Master Degree Thesis.Beijing:China University of Geosciences,8-15(in Chinese with English summary)
Tamunosoki D.2014.地震反演技术在尼日利亚尼日尔三角洲储层描述中的应用研究.博士学位论文.武汉:中国地质大学,4-16
侯高文.2006.尼日尔三角洲油气地质特征与Stubb Creek边际油田含油气潜力评价.博士学位论文.北京:中国地质大学,6-49
李江海,韩喜球,毛翔.2014.全球构造图集.北京:地质出版社,32-41
应维华,潘校华.1998.非洲苏尔特盆地和尼日尔三角洲盆地.北京:石油工业出版社,97-203
岳鹏升.2012.尼日尔三角洲盆地地质特征及油气资源潜力研究.硕士学位论文.西安:长安大学,7-56
赵欢欢.2011.尼日尔三角洲OML64区块沉积微相研究及其砂体刻画.硕士学位论文.北京:中国地质大学,8-15
Allen JRL.1970.Sediments of the modern Niger Delta:A summary and review.In:Morgan JP(ed.).Deltaic Sedimentation,Modern and Ancient.Tulsa:SEPM,138-151
Avbovbo AA.1978.Tertiary lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta:Geologic notes.AAPG Bulletin,62(2):295-300
Benkhelil J.1987.The origin and evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough(Nigeria).Journal of African Earth Sciences(and the Middle East),8(2-4):251-282
Bumby AJ and Guiraud R.2005.The geodynamic setting of the Phanerozoic basins of Africa.Journal of African Earth Sciences,43(1-3):1-12
Burke K.1972.Longshore drift,submarine canyons,and submarine fans in development of Niger Delta.AAPG Bulletin,56(10):1975-1983
Cobbold PR,Clarke BJ and Lseth H.2009.Structural consequences of fluid overpressure and seepage forces in the outer thrust belt of the Niger Delta.Petroleum Geoscience,15(1):3-15
Corredor F,Shaw JH and Bilotti F.2005.Structural styles in the deepwater fold and thrust belts of the Niger Delta.AAPG Bulletin,89(6):753-780
Doust H and Omatsola E.1990.Niger Delta.In:Edwards JD and Santogrossi PA(eds.).Divergent/Passive Margin Basins.Tulsa:AAPG,239-248
Ekweozor CM and Daukoru EM.1994.Northern delta depobelt portion of the Akata-Agbada petroleum system,Niger Delta,Nigeria.In:Magon LB and Dow WG(eds.).The Petroleum System:From Source to Trap.Tulsa:AAPG,599-614
Evamy BD,Haremboure J,Kamerling P,Knaap WA,Molloy FA and Rowlands PH.1978.Hydrocarbon habitat of Tertiary Niger delta.AAPG Bulletin,62(1):1-39
Guiraud R and Bellion Y.1995.Late Carboniferous to Recent,geodynamic evolution of the West Gondwanian,cratonic,Tethyan margins.In:Nairn AEM,Ricou LE,Vrielynck B and Dercourt J(eds.).The Tethys Ocean.New York:Plenum Press,101-124
Guiraud R and Bosworth W.1999.Phanerozoic geodynamic evolution of northeastern Africa and the northwestern Arabian platform.Tectonophysics,315(1-4):73-104
Guiraud R,Bosworth W,Thierry J and Delplanque A.2005.Phanerozoic geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa:An overview.Journal of African Earth Sciences,43(1-3):83-143
Haack RC,Sundararaman P,Diedjomahor JO,Xiao HB,Gant NJ,May ED and Kelsch K.2000.Niger Delta petroleum systems,Nigeria.In:Mello MR and Katz BJ(eds.).Petroleum Systems of South Atlantic Margins.Tulsa:AAPG,213-231
Hospers J.1965.Gravity field and structure of the Niger delta,Nigeria,West Africa.Geological Society of America Bulletin,76(4):407-422
Hou GW.2006.Petroleum geology of Niger Delta and evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential in Stubb Creek marginal oil field.Ph.D.Dissertation.Beijing:China University of Geosciences,6-49(in Chinese with English summary)
Kaplan A,Lusser CU and Norton IO.1994.Tectonic Map of the World,Panel 10.Tulsa:AAPG
Knox GJ and Omatsola EM.1989.Development of the Cenozoic Niger delta in terms of the‘Escalator Regression’model and impact on hydrocarbon distribution.In:Van der Linden WJM,Cloetingh SAPL,Kaasschieter JPK,van de Graaff WJE,Vandenberghe J and van der Gun JAM(eds.).Coastal Lowlands:Geology and Geotechnology.Dordrecht:Springer,181-202
Li JH,Han XQ and Mao X.2014.Atlas of Global Tectonics.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,32-41(in Chinese)
Li YJ,Wen L,Li HL,Peng GX,Qiu B,Zheng DM,Luo JC,Zhang Qand Jia TG.2016.The Madong Early Paleozoic fold-thrust belt in southern Tarim Basin.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,115:247-256
Logar JE.1983.Afrique de l’Ouest.In:Well Evaluation Conference.Paris:Schlumberger,205
Maluski H,Coulon C,Popoff M and Baudin P.1995.40Ar/39Ar chronology,petrology and geodynamic setting of Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic magmatism from the Benue Trough,Nigeria.Journal of the Geological Society,152(2):311-326
Moulin M,Aslanian D and Unternehr P.2010.A new starting point for the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean.Earth-Science Reviews,98(1):1-37
Murat RC.1972.Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in southern Nigeria.In:Dessauvagie TFJ and Whiteman AJ(eds.).African Geology.Ibadan:Ibadan University Press,251-266
Nedeco(Netherlands Engineering Consultants).1959.River studies and recommendations on improvement of Niger and Benue.NorthHolland,Amsterdam,1-1000
Njome MS and de Wit MJ.2014.The Cameroon Line:Analysis of an intraplate magmatic province transecting both oceanic and continental lithospheres:Constraints,controversies and models.Earth-Science Reviews,139:168-194
Pérez-Díaz L and Eagles G.2017.A new high-resolution seafloor age grid for the South Atlantic.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,18(1):457-470
Reijers TJA,Petters SW and Nwajide CS.1997.The Niger Delta Basin.Sedimentary Basins of the World,3:151-172
Rouby D,Nalpas T,Jermannaud P,Robin C,Guillocheau F and Raillard S.2011.Gravity driven deformation controlled by the migration of the delta front:The Plio-Pleistocene of the Eastern Niger Delta.Tectonophysics,513(1-4):54-67
Sandwell DT and Smith WHF.2009.Global marine gravity from retracked Geosat and ERS-1 altimetry:Ridge segmentation versus spreading rate.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,114(B1):B01411
Short KC and Staeuble AJ.1967.Outline of geology of Niger delta.AAPG Bulletin,51(5):761-799
Sun YH and Liu L.2018.Structural evolution of thrust-related folds and associated fault systems in the eastern portion of the deep-water Niger Delta.Marine and Petroleum Geology,92:285-307
Tamunosiki D.2014.Study and application of reservoir characterization in the Niger Daelta,Nigeria,using seismic inversion technique.Ph.D.Dissertation.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,4-16(in English with Chinese summary)
Torsvik TH,Rousse S,Labails C and Smethurst MA.2009.A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin.Geophysical Journal International,177(3):1315-1333
Whiteman A.1982.Nigeria:Its Petroleum Geology,Resources and Potential.London:Graham and Trotman,1-394
Wilson M and Guiraud R.1998.Late Permian to Recent magmatic activity on the African-Arabian margin of Tethys.In:Mac Gregor DS,Moody RTJ and Clark-Lowes DD(eds.).Petroleum Geology of North Africa.Geological Society,London,Special Publication 132,231-263
Wu JE,Mc Clay K and Frankowicz E.2015.Niger Delta gravity-driven deformation above the relict Chain and Charcot oceanic fracture zones,Gulf of Guinea:Insights from analogue models.Marine and Petroleum Geology,65:43-62
Ying WH and Pan XH.1998.The Sirte Basin and Niger Delta Basin,Africa.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,97-203(in Chinese)
Yue PS.2012.Research of petroleum geology and petroleum resource potential in Niger Delta Basin.Master Degree Thesis.Xi’an:Chang’an University,7-56(in Chinese with English summary)
Zhao HH.2011.Study on sedimentary micro-facies and sand body in OML64 block,Niger Delta.Master Degree Thesis.Beijing:China University of Geosciences,8-15(in Chinese with English summary)
Tamunosoki D.2014.地震反演技术在尼日利亚尼日尔三角洲储层描述中的应用研究.博士学位论文.武汉:中国地质大学,4-16
侯高文.2006.尼日尔三角洲油气地质特征与Stubb Creek边际油田含油气潜力评价.博士学位论文.北京:中国地质大学,6-49
李江海,韩喜球,毛翔.2014.全球构造图集.北京:地质出版社,32-41
应维华,潘校华.1998.非洲苏尔特盆地和尼日尔三角洲盆地.北京:石油工业出版社,97-203
岳鹏升.2012.尼日尔三角洲盆地地质特征及油气资源潜力研究.硕士学位论文.西安:长安大学,7-56
赵欢欢.2011.尼日尔三角洲OML64区块沉积微相研究及其砂体刻画.硕士学位论文.北京:中国地质大学,8-15
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