珠江口盆地晚渐新世陆架边缘三角洲沉积层序结构及演化
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摘要
南海北部上渐新统珠海组广泛发育外陆架-陆架边缘三角洲和深水斜坡扇体系,它们构成了区内最为重要的油气储层。综合地震、测井、岩心等资料,研究了珠海组陆架边缘三角洲及前三角洲斜坡扇的层序结构、沉积成因类型、沉积演化及控制作用。珠海组为一个复合层序,其内可进一步分为4个层序。通过追踪坡折点变化建立了滨岸迁移轨迹,划分了各层序内的沉积成因单元(水进、略上行正常水退、明显上行正常水退、局部下行强制性水退等)。外陆架三角洲以发育厚约100～150 m的前积层为特征,地震上多表现为切线型反射结构;而陆架边缘三角洲前缘-斜坡复合前积层厚达200～1 000 m,具S型、切线斜交型等地震反射结构,以发育厚层的三角洲前缘砂坝和大规模的滑塌变形堆积为特征,并与前三角洲-斜坡扇共生。研究区可识别出6套三角洲前积体,其面积具有逐渐变大、并沿走向扩展的趋势。区内晚渐新世层序的发育受到海平面变化的控制,区域性沉积旋回还受到构造沉降作用叠加的影响。大量沉积物的供给和区域性海平面下降是导致陆架边缘三角洲和前三角洲斜坡扇广泛发育的主控因素。
Outer-shelf to shelf-margin delta and deep-water slope fan systems,the most important petroleum reservoirs in the Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB),were widely developed in the Upper Oligocene of the northern South China Sea.Sequence architecture,sedimentary genetic types,as well as sedimentary evolution and its controlling factors of the shelf-margin deltas and associated slope fans in the Upper Oligocene(Zhuhai Formation) in the southern PRMB were studied based on the integrated analysis of seismic,core and well logging data.The Zhuhai Formation is a composite sequence which can be further divided into four sequences.The shoreline trajectories were mapped by trac-king the changes of shoreline breaks,and the depositional genetic units(transgression,slightly-ascending normal regression,apparently-ascending normal regression and locally-descending forced regression,etc.) were identified.The outer-shelf deltas are characterized by tangential reflections on seismic profiles with the thickness of foresets ranging from100 m to 150 m.In contrast,the shelf-margin deltaic clinoforms,with a thickness of 200-1 000 m,display as S-shaped or sigmoid-tangential seismic reflections,and generally consist of thick beds of delta front bar deposits and large-scale slump and deformed sediments,which are associated with prodelta-slope fan systems.In addition,six deltaic clinoforms were identified in the study area,and their areas tend to extend along their strikes.The composite sequence(CS3) is controlled by both relative sea level changes and tectonic subsidence.The massive sediment supply and regional sea level fall are dominant factors controlling the wide-spread distribution of the shelf-margin delta and prodelta slope fan systems.
Outer-shelf to shelf-margin delta and deep-water slope fan systems,the most important petroleum reservoirs in the Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB),were widely developed in the Upper Oligocene of the northern South China Sea.Sequence architecture,sedimentary genetic types,as well as sedimentary evolution and its controlling factors of the shelf-margin deltas and associated slope fans in the Upper Oligocene(Zhuhai Formation) in the southern PRMB were studied based on the integrated analysis of seismic,core and well logging data.The Zhuhai Formation is a composite sequence which can be further divided into four sequences.The shoreline trajectories were mapped by trac-king the changes of shoreline breaks,and the depositional genetic units(transgression,slightly-ascending normal regression,apparently-ascending normal regression and locally-descending forced regression,etc.) were identified.The outer-shelf deltas are characterized by tangential reflections on seismic profiles with the thickness of foresets ranging from100 m to 150 m.In contrast,the shelf-margin deltaic clinoforms,with a thickness of 200-1 000 m,display as S-shaped or sigmoid-tangential seismic reflections,and generally consist of thick beds of delta front bar deposits and large-scale slump and deformed sediments,which are associated with prodelta-slope fan systems.In addition,six deltaic clinoforms were identified in the study area,and their areas tend to extend along their strikes.The composite sequence(CS3) is controlled by both relative sea level changes and tectonic subsidence.The massive sediment supply and regional sea level fall are dominant factors controlling the wide-spread distribution of the shelf-margin delta and prodelta slope fan systems.
引文
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[17] Wu Huaichun,Zhao Xixi,Shi Meinan,et al.A 23 Myr magnetostratigraphic time framework for Site 1148,ODP Leg 184 in South China Sea and its geological implications[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,58:749-759.
[18] Lin Changsong,Jiang Jing,Shi Hesheng,et al.Sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea:responses to tectonic processes and changes in sea level[J].Basin Research,2017,30(1):568-595.
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[21] Catuneanu O,Abreu V,Bhattacharya J P,et al.Towards the standardization of sequence stratigraphy[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2009,92:1-33.
[22] 林畅松.沉积盆地的层序和沉积充填结构及过程响应[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):849-862.Lin Changsong.Sequence and depositional architecture of sedimentary basin and process responses[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):849-862.
[23] 林畅松.沉积盆地分析原理与应用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2016:177-233.Lin Changsong.Principles and Application of Sedimentary Basin Analysis[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2016:177-233.
[24] Helland-Hansenn W,Hampson G J.Trajectory analysis:concepts and applications[J].Basin Research,2009,21:454-483.
[25] Porebski S J,Steel R J.Shelf-margin deltas:their stratigraphic significance and relation to deepwater sands[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2003,62(3):283-326.
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[27] Walker R G.Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans:models for exploration and stratigraphic traps[J].AAPG Bulletin,1978,62(6):932-966.
[28] Petter A,Steel R J.Hyperpycnal flow variability and slope organization on an Eocene shelf margin,Central Basin,Spitsbergen[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(10):1451-1472.
[29] Mayall M J,Yeilding C A,Oldroyd JD,et al.Facies in a shelf-edge delta;an example from the subsurface of the Gulf of Mexico,middle Pliocene,Mississippi Canyon,Block 109[J].AAPG Bulletin,1992,76(4):435-448.
[30] Johannessen E P,Steel R J.Clinoforms and their exploration significance for deepwater sands[J].Basin Research,2005,17:521-550.
[31] Gong Chenglin,Steel R J,Wang Yingmin,et al.Shelf-margin architecture variability and its role in sediment-budget partitioning into deepwater areas[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2016,154:72-101.
[32] Carvajal C,Steel R J,Petter A.Sediment supply:the main driver of shelf-margin growth[J].Earth Science Review,2009,96:221-248.
[33] Morley C K.Major unconformities/termination of extension events and associated surfaces in the South China Seas:review and implications for tectonic development[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2016,120:62-86.
[34] Haq B U,Hardenbol J,Vail P R.Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic[J].Science,1987,235:1156-1167.
[35] 黄维,汪品先.渐新世以来的南海沉积量及其分布[J].中国科学(D 辑):地球科学,2006,36(9):822-829.Huang Wei,Wang Pinxian.Sediment mass and distribution in the South China Sea since the Oligocene[J].Science China(Seri.D):Earth Sciences,2006,36(9):822-829.
[36] Clift P D,Blusztajn J,Duc N A.Large-scale drainage capture and surface uplift in eastern Tibet-SW China before 24 Ma inferred from sediments of the Hanoi Basin,Vietnam[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(19):1-4.
[2] 曾清波,陈国俊,张功成,等.珠江口盆地深水区珠海组陆架边缘三角洲特征及其意义[J].沉积学报,2015,33(3):595-606.Zeng Qingbo,Chen Guojun,Zhang gongcheng,et al.The shelf-margin delta feature and its significance in Zhuhai formation of deepwater area,Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(3):595-606.
[3] 吴景富,张功成,王璞珺,等.珠江口盆地深水区23.8 Ma构造事件地质响应及其形成机制[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2012,37(4):654-666.Wu Jingfu,Zhang Gongcheng,Wang Pujun,et al.Geological Response and Forming Mechanisms of 23.8 Ma Tectonic Events in Deepwater Area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin in South China Sea[J].Earth Science,2012,37(4):654-666.
[4] 朱筱敏,葛家旺,赵宏超,等.陆架边缘三角洲研究进展及实例分析[J].沉积学报,2017,35(5):945-957.Zhu Xiaomin,Ge Jiawang,Zhao Hongchao,et al.Development of Shelf-edge Delta Researches and Typical Case Analyses[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2017,35(5):945-957.
[5] 柳保军,庞雄,颜承志,等.珠江口盆地白云深水区渐新世—中新世陆架坡折带演化及油气勘探意义[J].石油学报,2011,32(2):234-242.Liu Baojun,Pang Xiong,Yan Chengzhi,et al.Evolution of the Oligocene-Miocene shelf slope-break zone in the Baiyun deep-water area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin and its significance in oil-gas exploration[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(2):234-242.
[6] 王永凤,王英民,李冬,等.陆架边缘三角洲沉积特征研究及其油气意义[J].海洋地质前沿,2011,27(7):28-33.Wang Yongfeng,Wang Yingmin,Li Dong,et al.Depositional characteristics of shelf-margin deltas and their petroleum significance[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2011,27(7):28-33.
[7] 徐强,王英民,吕明,等.陆架边缘三角洲在层序地层格架中的识别及其意义——以南海白云凹陷为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(5):733-742.Xu Qiang,Wang Yingmin,Lü Ming,et al.Identification of the shelf margin delta in sequence stratigraphic frameworks and its significance:A case study of the Baiyun sag,South China Sea[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2011,32(5):733-742.
[8] 龚再升,李思田.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气成藏动力学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:339.Gong Zaisheng,Li Sitian.Oil & Gas Pool-Forming Dynamics in North Marginal Basins of South China Sea[M].Science Press,Beijing,2004:339.
[9] Barckhausen U,Engels M,Franke D,et al.Evolution of the South China Sea:Revised ages for breakup and seafloor spreading[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,59:679-681.
[10] Lin Changsong,He Min,Steel R J,et al.Changes in inner-to outer-shelf delta architecture,Oligocene to quaternary Pearl River shelf-margin prism,northern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,2018,404:187-204.
[11] Briais A,Patriat P,Tapponnier P.Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the South China Sea:Implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1993,98(B4),6299-6328.
[12] 董冬冬,王大伟,张功成,等.珠江口盆地深水区新生代构造沉积演化[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2009,33(5):17-29.Dong Dongdong,Wang Dawei,Zhang Gongcheng,et al.Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution of deepwater area,Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum,2009,33(5):17-29.
[13] 邵磊,雷永昌,庞雄,等.珠江口盆地构造演化及对沉积环境的控制作用[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2005,33(9):1177-1181.Shao Lei,Lei Yongchang,Pang Xiong,et al.Tectonic evolution and its controlling for sedimentary environment in Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2005,33(9):1177-1181.
[14] 庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧,等.南海珠江深水扇系统的层序地层学研究[J].地学前缘,2007,14(1):220-229.Pang Xiong,Chen Changmin,Peng Dajun,et al.Sequence stratigraphy of Pearl River Deep-water Fan System in the South China Sea[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(1):220-229.
[15] 秦国权.珠江口盆地新生代晚期层序地层划分和海平面变化[J].中国海上油气,2002,16(1):1-10.Qin Guoquan.Late cenozoic sequence stratigraphy and sea-level changes in pearl river mouth basin,south china sea[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas(Geology),2002,16(1):1-10.
[16] 赵泉鸿,翦知湣,王吉良,等.南海北部晚新生代氧同位素地层学[J].中国科学:地球科学,2001,31(10):800-807.Zhao Quanhong,Jian Zhimin,Wang Jiliang,et al.Late Cenozoic oxygen isotopic stratigraphy in the northern South China Sea[J].Scientia Sinica Terrae,2001,31(10):800-807.
[17] Wu Huaichun,Zhao Xixi,Shi Meinan,et al.A 23 Myr magnetostratigraphic time framework for Site 1148,ODP Leg 184 in South China Sea and its geological implications[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,58:749-759.
[18] Lin Changsong,Jiang Jing,Shi Hesheng,et al.Sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea:responses to tectonic processes and changes in sea level[J].Basin Research,2017,30(1):568-595.
[19] Vail P R.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level,Parts 1-11[J].AAPG Memoir,1977,26:51-212.
[20] Catuneanu O.Principles of sequence stratigraphy[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,2006:1-375.
[21] Catuneanu O,Abreu V,Bhattacharya J P,et al.Towards the standardization of sequence stratigraphy[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2009,92:1-33.
[22] 林畅松.沉积盆地的层序和沉积充填结构及过程响应[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):849-862.Lin Changsong.Sequence and depositional architecture of sedimentary basin and process responses[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):849-862.
[23] 林畅松.沉积盆地分析原理与应用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2016:177-233.Lin Changsong.Principles and Application of Sedimentary Basin Analysis[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2016:177-233.
[24] Helland-Hansenn W,Hampson G J.Trajectory analysis:concepts and applications[J].Basin Research,2009,21:454-483.
[25] Porebski S J,Steel R J.Shelf-margin deltas:their stratigraphic significance and relation to deepwater sands[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2003,62(3):283-326.
[26] Sydow J,Finneran J,Bowman A P.Stacked shelf-edge delta reservoirs of the Columbus Basin,Trinidad,West Indies[J].GCSSEPM Proceedings,2003,23:441-464.
[27] Walker R G.Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans:models for exploration and stratigraphic traps[J].AAPG Bulletin,1978,62(6):932-966.
[28] Petter A,Steel R J.Hyperpycnal flow variability and slope organization on an Eocene shelf margin,Central Basin,Spitsbergen[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(10):1451-1472.
[29] Mayall M J,Yeilding C A,Oldroyd JD,et al.Facies in a shelf-edge delta;an example from the subsurface of the Gulf of Mexico,middle Pliocene,Mississippi Canyon,Block 109[J].AAPG Bulletin,1992,76(4):435-448.
[30] Johannessen E P,Steel R J.Clinoforms and their exploration significance for deepwater sands[J].Basin Research,2005,17:521-550.
[31] Gong Chenglin,Steel R J,Wang Yingmin,et al.Shelf-margin architecture variability and its role in sediment-budget partitioning into deepwater areas[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2016,154:72-101.
[32] Carvajal C,Steel R J,Petter A.Sediment supply:the main driver of shelf-margin growth[J].Earth Science Review,2009,96:221-248.
[33] Morley C K.Major unconformities/termination of extension events and associated surfaces in the South China Seas:review and implications for tectonic development[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2016,120:62-86.
[34] Haq B U,Hardenbol J,Vail P R.Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic[J].Science,1987,235:1156-1167.
[35] 黄维,汪品先.渐新世以来的南海沉积量及其分布[J].中国科学(D 辑):地球科学,2006,36(9):822-829.Huang Wei,Wang Pinxian.Sediment mass and distribution in the South China Sea since the Oligocene[J].Science China(Seri.D):Earth Sciences,2006,36(9):822-829.
[36] Clift P D,Blusztajn J,Duc N A.Large-scale drainage capture and surface uplift in eastern Tibet-SW China before 24 Ma inferred from sediments of the Hanoi Basin,Vietnam[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(19):1-4.
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