珠江口盆地渐新世陆架边缘三角洲沉积特征及其对成藏的控制作用
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摘要
陆架边缘三角洲沉积是陆缘深水油气勘探中的重要储层类型,是深水沉积学和石油地质学研究的热点和前沿问题。结合高精度三维地震资料和最新的钻井地质信息,对珠江口盆地白云凹陷东部渐新世陆架边缘三角洲的类型、沉积特征和控制因素,及其对成藏的控制作用开展了详细研究。研究表明,白云凹陷渐新统整体上为海侵退积型层序组,可划分为6个三级层序;识别出5期坡折,各期坡折均属于沉积型坡折,受明显的波浪作用控制;陆架边缘三角洲主要发育于强制性海退期,平面上呈平行于坡折带的"豆荚"状展布,其规模和形态受相对海平面变化、沉积物供给和海流活动综合控制;陆架边缘三角洲是坡折下方深水重力流的"转运站",陆坡规模和沉积物供给速率分别控制了重力流沉积的类型和规模,影响了由陆架边缘三角洲向深海的砂体搬运过程;陆架边缘三角洲和重力流沉积在白云凹陷形成大量岩性圈闭和岩性+构造型圈闭,断裂和底辟是此类圈闭油气成藏的关键。总体上,白云凹陷东部具备形成大型陆架边缘三角洲和重力流沉积的岩性圈闭条件,成藏条件优越,具有很大的油气勘探前景。
Shelf edge delta is a major reservoir in deepwater hydrocarbon exploration as the research hotspot and frontier issue of deepwater sedimentology and petroleum geology.In combination with high-resolution 3D seismic data and the latest drilling geological data,the type,sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of Oligocene shelf edge delta in the eastern Baiyun sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin are studied in detail as well as their effects on hydrocarbon accumulation.The research reveals that the Oligocene Baiyun sag is the transgressive retrogradation sequence,divided into 6 third-order sequences and 5 shelf breaks,while each shelf break is formed through sedimentation,and obviously controlled by wave effect.Shelf edge delta is mainly developed during forced regression,parallel to the shelf break with"pod-like"distribution,of which the size and morphology are jointly controlled by relative sea level change,sediment supply and ocean current.Shelf edge delta is the"transition station"for the deepwater gravity flow beneath the slope break.Therefore,the slope size and sediment supply velocity control the gravity flow type and size respectively,affecting the sand transportation from shelf edge delta to deep sea.Shelf edge delta and corresponding gravity flow deposit lead to the formation of massive lithologic traps as well as lithologic and structural traps in Baiyun sag,where faulting and diapirs are the keys for hydrocarbon accumulation in these traps.In general,large-scale lithologic traps related to shelf edge delta and gravity flow deposits can be developed in the eastern Baiyun sag with superior accumulation conditions,showing agreat prospect of hydrocarbon exploration.
Shelf edge delta is a major reservoir in deepwater hydrocarbon exploration as the research hotspot and frontier issue of deepwater sedimentology and petroleum geology.In combination with high-resolution 3D seismic data and the latest drilling geological data,the type,sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of Oligocene shelf edge delta in the eastern Baiyun sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin are studied in detail as well as their effects on hydrocarbon accumulation.The research reveals that the Oligocene Baiyun sag is the transgressive retrogradation sequence,divided into 6 third-order sequences and 5 shelf breaks,while each shelf break is formed through sedimentation,and obviously controlled by wave effect.Shelf edge delta is mainly developed during forced regression,parallel to the shelf break with"pod-like"distribution,of which the size and morphology are jointly controlled by relative sea level change,sediment supply and ocean current.Shelf edge delta is the"transition station"for the deepwater gravity flow beneath the slope break.Therefore,the slope size and sediment supply velocity control the gravity flow type and size respectively,affecting the sand transportation from shelf edge delta to deep sea.Shelf edge delta and corresponding gravity flow deposit lead to the formation of massive lithologic traps as well as lithologic and structural traps in Baiyun sag,where faulting and diapirs are the keys for hydrocarbon accumulation in these traps.In general,large-scale lithologic traps related to shelf edge delta and gravity flow deposits can be developed in the eastern Baiyun sag with superior accumulation conditions,showing agreat prospect of hydrocarbon exploration.
引文
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[2]朱伟林,崔旱云,吴培康,等.被动大陆边缘盆地油气勘探新进展与展望[J].石油学报,2017,38(10):1099-1109.ZHU Weilin,CUI Hanyun,WU Peikang,et al.New development and outlook for oil and gas exploration in passive continental margin basins[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(10):1099-1109.
[3]陈宇航,姚根顺,吕福亮,等.东非鲁伍马盆地渐新统深水水道-朵体沉积特征及控制因素[J].石油学报,2017,38(9):1047-1058.CHEN Yuhang,YAO Genshun,LFuliang,et al.Sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of Oligocene deep-water channel-lobe in Rovuma Basin of the East Africa[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(9):1047-1058.
[4]黄银涛,文力,姚光庆,等.莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组细粒厚层重力流砂体沉积特征[J].石油学报,2018,39(3):290-303.HUANG Yintao,WEN Li,YAO Guangqing,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of thick fine-grained shallow-marine gravity flow deposits from Huangliu Formation in Dongfang area,Yinggehai Basin,China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2018,39(3):290-303.
[5]CARVAJAL C R,STEEL R J.Thick turbidite successions from supply-dominated shelves during sea-level highstand[J].Geology,2006,34(8):665-668.
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[7]SNEIDER J S.Shelf margin deltas and associated deepwater deposits:implications on reservoir distribution and hydrocarbon entrapment,Block VI-1,Ulleung Basin,East Sea,South Korea[C]∥Shelf Margin Deltas and Linked Down Slope Petroleum Systems,23rd Annual GCSSEPM Foundation Bob F.Perkins Research Conference,December 7-10,2003,Houston,Texas.Houston:Gulf Coast Section SPEM,2003:473-491.
[8]DIXON J F,STEEL R J,OLARIU C.Shelf-edge delta regime as apredictor of deep-water deposition[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2012,82(9):681-687.
[9]DIXON J F,STEEL R J,OLARIU C.River-dominated,shelfedge deltas:delivery of sand across the shelf break in the absence of slope incision[J].Sedimentology,2012,59(4):1133-1157.
[10]UROZA C A,STEEL R J.A highstand shelf-margin delta system from the Eocene of West Spitsbergen,Norway[J].Sedimentary Geology,2008,203(3/4):229-245.
[11]CARVAJAL C,STEEL R,PETTER A.Sediment supply:the main driver of shelf-margin growth[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2009,96(4):221-248.
[12]STEEL R J,POREBSKI S J,PLINK-BJORKLUND P,et al.Shelfedge delta types and their sequence-stratigraphic relationships[C]∥Shelf Margin Deltas and Linked Down Slope Petroleum Systems,23rd Annual GCSSEPM Foundation Bob F.Perkins Research Conference,December 7-10,2003,Houston,Texas.Houston:Gulf Coast Section SPEM,2003:205-230.
[13]张忠涛,秦成岗,高鹏,等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷北坡陆架坡折带地质特征及其油气勘探潜力[J].天然气工业,2011,31(5):39-44.ZHANG Zhongtao,QIN Chenggang,GAO Peng,et al.Geological characteristics and exploration potentials of the shelf break zone on the north slope of the Baiyun depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(5):39-44.
[14]POREBSKI S J,STEEL R J.Shelf-margin deltas:their stratigraphic significance and relation to deepwater sands[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2003,62(3/4):283-326.
[15]徐强,王英民,吕明,等.陆架边缘三角洲在层序地层格架中的识别及其意义——以南海白云凹陷为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(5):733-742.XU Qiang,WANG Yingmin,LU Ming,et al.Identification of the shelf margin delta in sequence stratigraphic frameworks and its significance:a case study of the Baiyun sag,South China Sea[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(5):733-742.
[16]徐少华,徐国强,杨俊华,等.南海北部白云凹陷深水区SQ13.8深水扇砂体识别与分布研究:以SF-5为例[J].现代地质,2013,27(2):366-372.XU Shaohua,XU Guoqiang,YANG Junhua,et al.Reservoir identification and plane distribution research on the deep water fan of SQ13.8in the deep-water region,the Baiyun sag in northern South China Sea:a case study of SF-5[J].Geoscience,2013,27(2):366-372.
[17]易雪斐,张昌民,李少华,等.珠江口盆地21 Ma和13.8Ma陆架边缘三角洲对比[J].石油与天然气地质,2014,35(5):670-678.YI Xuefei,ZHANG Changmin,LI Shaohua,et al.Comparison between shelf-margin delta of 21 Ma and 13.8 Ma in Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2014,35(5):670-678.
[18]庞雄,申俊,袁立忠,等.南海珠江深水扇系统及其油气勘探前景[J].石油学报,2006,27(3):11-15PANG Xiong,SHEN Jun,YUAN Lizhong,et al.Petroleum prospect in deep water fan system of the Pearl River in the South China Sea[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,27(3):11-15.
[19]庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧,等.南海珠江深水扇系统的层序地层学研究[J].地学前缘,2007,14(1):220-229.PANG Xiong,CHEN Changmin,PENG Dajun,et al.Sequence stratigraphy of Pearl River deep-water fan system in the South China Sea[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(1):220-229.
[20]郑荣才,李云,戴朝成,等.白云凹陷珠江组深水扇砂质碎屑流沉积学特征[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2012,42(6):1581-1589.ZHENG Rongcai,LI Yun,DAI Chaocheng,et al.Depositional features of sandy debris flow of submarine fan in Zhujiang Formation,Baiyun sag[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2012,42(6):1581-1589.
[21]吴景富,徐强,祝彦贺.南海白云凹陷深水区渐新世-中新世陆架边缘三角洲形成及演化[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2010,35(4):681-690.WU Jingfu,XU Qiang,ZHU Yanhe.Generation and evolution of the shelf-edge delta in Oligocene and miocene of Baiyun sag in the South China Sea[J].Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geosciences,2010,35(4):681-690.
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