积云模式中上行地闪的参数化方案及起始有利云内环境特征的探讨
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摘要
上行地闪是一种始发于超高建筑物(高度至少在100m以上)顶端的大气放电现象,目前对其的认知主要通过地面观测,而相应的理论模式研究较为缺乏.本文在已有的双向先导随机模型的基础上,创建上行地闪随机放电参数化方案,并耦合到雷暴云起、放电模式中,进行了二维高分辨率上行地闪放电的模拟实验,得到的上行闪电与观测结果具有较好的一致性.通过分析雷暴云电荷结构给出了常规地闪起始的有利云内环境特征,并分析了正、负上行地闪一些特征的异同,结果表明:模拟得到的上行正地闪多为诱导触发的上行地闪,通常是三极电荷结构下次正电荷区与地面之间的一种放电现象,前次云闪过程对空间环境电场的影响为其起始提供了有利条件,整个放电过程延伸范围有限、分叉少、放电不充分;上行负地闪多为偶极电荷结构中主负电荷区与地面之间的放电过程,温度层结的高度低以及降水粒子的下沉使电荷区高度降低是其起始的根本原因,上行负地闪发展旺盛,分支较多;诱导触发的上行地闪主要发生于雷暴成熟期,而自行触发的上行地闪则更容易在雷暴消散期起始.
引文
郭秀峰,谭涌波,朱俊儒,梁忠武.2012.分辨率对建筑物周围大气电场计算结果不确定性的影响.中国气象学.S13第十届防雷减灾论坛--雷电灾害与风险评估.中国气象学会.1:11
郭秀峰,谭涌波,郭凤霞,师正,王宁宁.2013.建筑物尖端对大气电场畸变影响的数值计算.应用气象学报,2:189-196
贺恒鑫,何俊佳,钱冠军,张丹丹,黄萍.2008.棒-板长间隙正极性流注生长概率模型及应用.高电压技术,34:2047-2053
郄秀书,张其林,袁铁,张廷龙.2013.雷电物理学(地学卷).北京:科学出版社.291
任晓毓,张义军,吕伟涛,陶善昌,德庆措姆.2010.雷击建筑物的先导连接过程模拟.应用气象学,21:450-457
谭涌波,陶善昌,祝宝友,马明,吕伟涛.2006.雷暴云内闪电双层、分枝结构的数值模拟.中国科学:地球科学,36:486-496
谭涌波,陶善昌,祝宝友,马明,吕伟涛.2007.云闪放电对云内电荷和电位分布影响的数值模拟.地球物理学报,50:1053-1065
谭涌波,师正,王宁宁,郭秀峰.2012.随机性与电环境特征对地闪击地点影响的数值模拟.地球物理学报,55:3534-3541
谭涌波,梁忠武,师正,朱俊儒,郭秀峰.2014.雷暴云底部正电荷区对闪电类型影响的数值模拟.中国科学:地球科学,44:2743-2752
Alessandro F D,Gumley J R.2001.A“Collection Volume Method”for the placement of air terminals for the protection of structures against lightning.J Electrost,50:279-302
Becerra M,Vernon Cooray.2006a.A self-consistent upward leader propagation model.J Phys D-Appl Phys,39:3708-3715
Becerra M,Vernon Cooray.2006b.A simplified physical model to determine the lightning upward connecting leader inception.IEEET Power Deliver,21:897-908
Berger K.1967.Novel observations on lightning discharges,results and research on Mount San Salvatore.J Franklin Inst,283:478-525
Berger K,Vogelsanger E.1969.New results of lightning observations,in Planetary Electrodynamics.Proceedings of the4th International Conference on the Universal Aspects of Atmospheric Electricity,Tokyo.1:489-510
Carey L D,Murphy M J,Mc Cormick T L,Demetriades N W S.2005.Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line,trailing-stratiform mesoscale convective system.J Geophys Res,110:D03105
Chang J S,Beuthe T G,Hu G G,Stamoulis G,Janischewskyj W.1985.Thundercloud electric field measurements in the 553m CNtower during 1978-1983.J Geophys Res,94:197-205
Clarence N D,Malan D J.1957.Preliminary discharge processes in lightning flashes to ground.Q J R Meteorol Soc,83:161-172
Dienddorfer G,Pichler H,Mair M.2009.Some parameters of negative upward-initiated lightning to the Gaisberg Tower(2000-2007).IEEE Trans Electromagn Aompat,51:443-452
Dienddorfer G,Zhou H L,Pichler H,Thottappillil R.2011.Review of upward positive and bipolar lightning flashes at the Gaisberg Tower.7th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning,Chengdu.263-267
Eriksson A J.1978.Lightning and tall structures.SAIEE,69:238-253
Flache D,Rakov V A,Heidler F,Zischank W,Thottappillil R.2008.Initial-stage pulses in upward lightning:Leader/return stroke versus M-component mode of charge transfer to ground.Geophys Res Lett,35:L13812
Guimar?es M,Araujo L,Pereira C,Mesquita C,Visacro S.2014.Assessing currents of upward lightning measured in tropical regions.Atmos Res,149:324-332
Heldson J H,Wu G,Farley R D.1992.An intracloud lightning parameterization scheme for a storm electrification model.JGeophys Res,97:5865-5884
Jiang R B,Sun Z L,Wu Z J.2014a.Concurrent upward lightning flashes from two towers.Atmos Oceanic Sci Lett,7:260-264
Jiang R B,Qie X S,Wu Z J,Wang D F,Liu M Y,Lu G P,Liu D X.2014b.Characteristics of upward lightning from a 325-m-tall meteorology tower.Atmos Res,149:111-119
Kawasaki Z,Matsuura K.2000.Does a lightning channel show a fractal?Appl Energy,67:147-158
Liu D X,Qie X S,Pan L X,Peng L.2013.Some characteristics of lightning activity and radiation source distribution in a squall line over North China.Atmos Res,132-133:423-433
Lu W T,Wang D H,Zhang Y,Takagi N.2009.Two associated upward lightning flashes that produced opposite polarity electric field changes.Geophys Res Lett,36:L05801
Lu W T,Chen L W,Zhang Y,Ma Y,Gao Y,Yin Q Y,Chen S D,Huang Z H,Zhang Y J.2012.Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou.J Geophys Res,117:D19211
Mac Gorman D R,Straka J M,Ziegler C L.2001.A lightning parameterization for numerical cloud models.J Appl Meteorol,40:459-478
Manhardt M,Heidler F,Stimper K.2012.The electric field of negative upward lightning strikes at the Peissenberg Tower,Germany.31th International Conference on Lightning Protection,Vienna,Austria
Mansell E R,Macgorrnan D R,Ziegler C L,Straka J M.2002.Simulated three-dimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model.J Geophys Res,107:1-12
Mazur V,Ruhnke L H.2011.Physical processes during development of upward leaders from tall structures.J Electrost,69:97-110
Mc Eachron K B.1939.Lightning to the Empire State Building.JFranklin Inst,227:149-217
Miki M,Rakov V A,Shindo T,Diendorfer G,Mair M,Heidler F,Zischank W,Uman M A,Thottappillil R,Wang D H.2005.Initial stage in lightning initiated from tall objects and in rocket-triggered lightning.J Geophys Res,110:D02109
Nag A,Rakov V A.2009.Some inferences on the role of lower positive charge region in facilitating different types of lightning.Geophys Res Lett,36:L05815
Niemeyer L,Pietronero L,Wiesman H L.1984.Fractal dimension of dielectric breakdown.Phys Rev lett,52:1033-1036
Orville R E,Berger K.1973.An unusual lightning flash initiated by an upward-propagating leader.J Geophys Res,78:4520-4525
Pawar S D,Kamra A K.2004.Evolution of lightning and the possible initiation/triggering of lightning discharges by the lower positive charge center in an isolated thundercloud in the tropics.J Geophys Res,109:D02205
Petrov N I,Waters R T.1995.Determination of the striking distance of lightning to earthed structures.Math Phys Sci,450:589-601
Pichler H,Diendorfer G,Mair M.2010.Some parameters of correlated current and radiated field pulses from lightning to the Gaisberg Tower.IEEJ Trans Electron Electromagn Eng,5:8-13
Qie X S,Zhang T L,Chen C P,Zhang G S,Zhang T,Wu Z W.2005.The lower positive charge center and its effect on lightning discharges on the Tibetan Plateau.Geophys Res Lett,32:L05814
Qie X S,Soula,Chauzy S.1994.Influence of ion attachment on vertical distribution of electric field and charge density under thunderstorm.Ann Geophys,12:1218-1228
Rakov V A,Uman M A.2003.Lightning:Physics and Effects.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.687
Romero C,Paolone M,Rachidi F,Rubinstein M,Rubinstein A,Diendorfer G,Schulz W,Bernardi M,Nucci C A.2011.Preliminary comparison of data from the S?ntis Tower and the EUCLID lightning location system.6th International Symposium on Lightning Protection,IEEE,Fortaleza,Brazil
Saba M M F,Cummins L,Warner T A,Krider E P,Campos L Z S,Ballarotti M G,Jr O P,Fleenor S A.2008.Positive leader characteristics from high-speed video observations.Geophys Res Lett,35:L07802
Sanudo J,Gomez J B,Castano F,Pacheco A F.1995.Fractal dimension of lightning discharge.Nonlinear Process Geophys,2:101-106
Shi Z,Tan Y B,Tang H Q,Sun J,Yang Y,Peng L,Guo X F.2015.Aerosol effect on the land-ocean contrast in thunderstorm electrification and lightning frequency.Atmos Res,164-165:131-141
Takagi N,Wang D H,and Watanabe T.2006.A study of upward positive leaders based on simultaneous observation of E-fields and high-speed images.Trans Inst Electr Eng Jpn,126:256-259
Tan Y B,Tao S C,Zhu B Y.2006.Fine-resolution of the channel structures and propagation features of intracloud lightning.Geoghys Res Lett,33:L09809
Tan Y B,Tao S C,Liang Z W,Zhu B Y.2014a.Numerical study on relationship between lightning types and distribution of space charge and electric potential.J Geophys Res,119:1003-1014
Tan Y B,Guo X F,Zhu J R,Shi Z,Zhang D D.2014b.Influence on simulation accuracy of atmospheric electric field around a building by space resolution.Atmos Res,138:301-307
Tao S C,Tan Y B,Zhu B Y,Ma M,Lu W T.2009.Fine-resolution simulation of cloud-to-ground lightning and thundercloud charge transfer.Atmos Res,91:360-370
Wang D H,Takagi H,T Watanabe,Sakurano H,Hashimoto M.2008.Observed characteristics of upward leader that initiated from a windmill and its lightning protection tower.Geoghys Res Lett,35:L02803
Wang D H,Takagi N.2012.Characteristics of winter lightning that occurred on a windmill and its lightning protection tower in Japan.IEEJ Trans Power Energy,132:568-572
Warner T A.2012.Observations of simultaneous upward lightning leaders from multiple tall structures.Atmos Res,117:45-54
Warner T A,Saba M M F,Orville R E.2012a.Characteristics of upward leaders from tall towers.22th International Lightning Detection Conference,Vaisala,Boulder,Colo
Warner T A,Saba M M F,Rudge S,Bunkers M,Lyons W A,Orville R E.2012b.Lightning-triggered upward lightning from towers in Rapid City,South Dakota.22th International Lightning Detection Conference,Vaisala,Boulder,Colo
Warner T A,Cummins K L,Orville R E.2012c.Upward lightning observations from towers in Rapid City,South Dakota and comparison with National Lightning Detection Network data,2004-2010.J Geophys Res,117:D19109
Warner T A,Lang T J,Lyons W A.2014.Synoptic scale outbreak of self-initiated upward lightning(SIUL)from tall structures during the central U.S.blizzard of 1-2 February 2011.J Geophys Res,119:9530-9548
Wiliams E R.1989.The tripole structure of thunderstorms.J Geophys Res,94:13151-13167
Zhou H L,Diendorfer G,Thottappillil R,Pichler H,Mair M.2012a.Characteristics of upward positive lightning flashes initiated from the Gaisberg Tower.J Geophys Res,117:D06110
Zhou H L,Diendorfer G,Thottappillil R,Pichler H,Mair M.2012b.Measured current and close electric field changes associated with the initiation of upward lightning from a tall tower.J Geophys Res,117:D08102
Ziegler C L,Mac Gorman D R,Dye J E,Ray P S.1991.A model evaluation of noninductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm.J Geophys Res,96:12833-12855
郭秀峰,谭涌波,郭凤霞,师正,王宁宁.2013.建筑物尖端对大气电场畸变影响的数值计算.应用气象学报,2:189-196
贺恒鑫,何俊佳,钱冠军,张丹丹,黄萍.2008.棒-板长间隙正极性流注生长概率模型及应用.高电压技术,34:2047-2053
郄秀书,张其林,袁铁,张廷龙.2013.雷电物理学(地学卷).北京:科学出版社.291
任晓毓,张义军,吕伟涛,陶善昌,德庆措姆.2010.雷击建筑物的先导连接过程模拟.应用气象学,21:450-457
谭涌波,陶善昌,祝宝友,马明,吕伟涛.2006.雷暴云内闪电双层、分枝结构的数值模拟.中国科学:地球科学,36:486-496
谭涌波,陶善昌,祝宝友,马明,吕伟涛.2007.云闪放电对云内电荷和电位分布影响的数值模拟.地球物理学报,50:1053-1065
谭涌波,师正,王宁宁,郭秀峰.2012.随机性与电环境特征对地闪击地点影响的数值模拟.地球物理学报,55:3534-3541
谭涌波,梁忠武,师正,朱俊儒,郭秀峰.2014.雷暴云底部正电荷区对闪电类型影响的数值模拟.中国科学:地球科学,44:2743-2752
Alessandro F D,Gumley J R.2001.A“Collection Volume Method”for the placement of air terminals for the protection of structures against lightning.J Electrost,50:279-302
Becerra M,Vernon Cooray.2006a.A self-consistent upward leader propagation model.J Phys D-Appl Phys,39:3708-3715
Becerra M,Vernon Cooray.2006b.A simplified physical model to determine the lightning upward connecting leader inception.IEEET Power Deliver,21:897-908
Berger K.1967.Novel observations on lightning discharges,results and research on Mount San Salvatore.J Franklin Inst,283:478-525
Berger K,Vogelsanger E.1969.New results of lightning observations,in Planetary Electrodynamics.Proceedings of the4th International Conference on the Universal Aspects of Atmospheric Electricity,Tokyo.1:489-510
Carey L D,Murphy M J,Mc Cormick T L,Demetriades N W S.2005.Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line,trailing-stratiform mesoscale convective system.J Geophys Res,110:D03105
Chang J S,Beuthe T G,Hu G G,Stamoulis G,Janischewskyj W.1985.Thundercloud electric field measurements in the 553m CNtower during 1978-1983.J Geophys Res,94:197-205
Clarence N D,Malan D J.1957.Preliminary discharge processes in lightning flashes to ground.Q J R Meteorol Soc,83:161-172
Dienddorfer G,Pichler H,Mair M.2009.Some parameters of negative upward-initiated lightning to the Gaisberg Tower(2000-2007).IEEE Trans Electromagn Aompat,51:443-452
Dienddorfer G,Zhou H L,Pichler H,Thottappillil R.2011.Review of upward positive and bipolar lightning flashes at the Gaisberg Tower.7th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning,Chengdu.263-267
Eriksson A J.1978.Lightning and tall structures.SAIEE,69:238-253
Flache D,Rakov V A,Heidler F,Zischank W,Thottappillil R.2008.Initial-stage pulses in upward lightning:Leader/return stroke versus M-component mode of charge transfer to ground.Geophys Res Lett,35:L13812
Guimar?es M,Araujo L,Pereira C,Mesquita C,Visacro S.2014.Assessing currents of upward lightning measured in tropical regions.Atmos Res,149:324-332
Heldson J H,Wu G,Farley R D.1992.An intracloud lightning parameterization scheme for a storm electrification model.JGeophys Res,97:5865-5884
Jiang R B,Sun Z L,Wu Z J.2014a.Concurrent upward lightning flashes from two towers.Atmos Oceanic Sci Lett,7:260-264
Jiang R B,Qie X S,Wu Z J,Wang D F,Liu M Y,Lu G P,Liu D X.2014b.Characteristics of upward lightning from a 325-m-tall meteorology tower.Atmos Res,149:111-119
Kawasaki Z,Matsuura K.2000.Does a lightning channel show a fractal?Appl Energy,67:147-158
Liu D X,Qie X S,Pan L X,Peng L.2013.Some characteristics of lightning activity and radiation source distribution in a squall line over North China.Atmos Res,132-133:423-433
Lu W T,Wang D H,Zhang Y,Takagi N.2009.Two associated upward lightning flashes that produced opposite polarity electric field changes.Geophys Res Lett,36:L05801
Lu W T,Chen L W,Zhang Y,Ma Y,Gao Y,Yin Q Y,Chen S D,Huang Z H,Zhang Y J.2012.Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou.J Geophys Res,117:D19211
Mac Gorman D R,Straka J M,Ziegler C L.2001.A lightning parameterization for numerical cloud models.J Appl Meteorol,40:459-478
Manhardt M,Heidler F,Stimper K.2012.The electric field of negative upward lightning strikes at the Peissenberg Tower,Germany.31th International Conference on Lightning Protection,Vienna,Austria
Mansell E R,Macgorrnan D R,Ziegler C L,Straka J M.2002.Simulated three-dimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model.J Geophys Res,107:1-12
Mazur V,Ruhnke L H.2011.Physical processes during development of upward leaders from tall structures.J Electrost,69:97-110
Mc Eachron K B.1939.Lightning to the Empire State Building.JFranklin Inst,227:149-217
Miki M,Rakov V A,Shindo T,Diendorfer G,Mair M,Heidler F,Zischank W,Uman M A,Thottappillil R,Wang D H.2005.Initial stage in lightning initiated from tall objects and in rocket-triggered lightning.J Geophys Res,110:D02109
Nag A,Rakov V A.2009.Some inferences on the role of lower positive charge region in facilitating different types of lightning.Geophys Res Lett,36:L05815
Niemeyer L,Pietronero L,Wiesman H L.1984.Fractal dimension of dielectric breakdown.Phys Rev lett,52:1033-1036
Orville R E,Berger K.1973.An unusual lightning flash initiated by an upward-propagating leader.J Geophys Res,78:4520-4525
Pawar S D,Kamra A K.2004.Evolution of lightning and the possible initiation/triggering of lightning discharges by the lower positive charge center in an isolated thundercloud in the tropics.J Geophys Res,109:D02205
Petrov N I,Waters R T.1995.Determination of the striking distance of lightning to earthed structures.Math Phys Sci,450:589-601
Pichler H,Diendorfer G,Mair M.2010.Some parameters of correlated current and radiated field pulses from lightning to the Gaisberg Tower.IEEJ Trans Electron Electromagn Eng,5:8-13
Qie X S,Zhang T L,Chen C P,Zhang G S,Zhang T,Wu Z W.2005.The lower positive charge center and its effect on lightning discharges on the Tibetan Plateau.Geophys Res Lett,32:L05814
Qie X S,Soula,Chauzy S.1994.Influence of ion attachment on vertical distribution of electric field and charge density under thunderstorm.Ann Geophys,12:1218-1228
Rakov V A,Uman M A.2003.Lightning:Physics and Effects.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.687
Romero C,Paolone M,Rachidi F,Rubinstein M,Rubinstein A,Diendorfer G,Schulz W,Bernardi M,Nucci C A.2011.Preliminary comparison of data from the S?ntis Tower and the EUCLID lightning location system.6th International Symposium on Lightning Protection,IEEE,Fortaleza,Brazil
Saba M M F,Cummins L,Warner T A,Krider E P,Campos L Z S,Ballarotti M G,Jr O P,Fleenor S A.2008.Positive leader characteristics from high-speed video observations.Geophys Res Lett,35:L07802
Sanudo J,Gomez J B,Castano F,Pacheco A F.1995.Fractal dimension of lightning discharge.Nonlinear Process Geophys,2:101-106
Shi Z,Tan Y B,Tang H Q,Sun J,Yang Y,Peng L,Guo X F.2015.Aerosol effect on the land-ocean contrast in thunderstorm electrification and lightning frequency.Atmos Res,164-165:131-141
Takagi N,Wang D H,and Watanabe T.2006.A study of upward positive leaders based on simultaneous observation of E-fields and high-speed images.Trans Inst Electr Eng Jpn,126:256-259
Tan Y B,Tao S C,Zhu B Y.2006.Fine-resolution of the channel structures and propagation features of intracloud lightning.Geoghys Res Lett,33:L09809
Tan Y B,Tao S C,Liang Z W,Zhu B Y.2014a.Numerical study on relationship between lightning types and distribution of space charge and electric potential.J Geophys Res,119:1003-1014
Tan Y B,Guo X F,Zhu J R,Shi Z,Zhang D D.2014b.Influence on simulation accuracy of atmospheric electric field around a building by space resolution.Atmos Res,138:301-307
Tao S C,Tan Y B,Zhu B Y,Ma M,Lu W T.2009.Fine-resolution simulation of cloud-to-ground lightning and thundercloud charge transfer.Atmos Res,91:360-370
Wang D H,Takagi H,T Watanabe,Sakurano H,Hashimoto M.2008.Observed characteristics of upward leader that initiated from a windmill and its lightning protection tower.Geoghys Res Lett,35:L02803
Wang D H,Takagi N.2012.Characteristics of winter lightning that occurred on a windmill and its lightning protection tower in Japan.IEEJ Trans Power Energy,132:568-572
Warner T A.2012.Observations of simultaneous upward lightning leaders from multiple tall structures.Atmos Res,117:45-54
Warner T A,Saba M M F,Orville R E.2012a.Characteristics of upward leaders from tall towers.22th International Lightning Detection Conference,Vaisala,Boulder,Colo
Warner T A,Saba M M F,Rudge S,Bunkers M,Lyons W A,Orville R E.2012b.Lightning-triggered upward lightning from towers in Rapid City,South Dakota.22th International Lightning Detection Conference,Vaisala,Boulder,Colo
Warner T A,Cummins K L,Orville R E.2012c.Upward lightning observations from towers in Rapid City,South Dakota and comparison with National Lightning Detection Network data,2004-2010.J Geophys Res,117:D19109
Warner T A,Lang T J,Lyons W A.2014.Synoptic scale outbreak of self-initiated upward lightning(SIUL)from tall structures during the central U.S.blizzard of 1-2 February 2011.J Geophys Res,119:9530-9548
Wiliams E R.1989.The tripole structure of thunderstorms.J Geophys Res,94:13151-13167
Zhou H L,Diendorfer G,Thottappillil R,Pichler H,Mair M.2012a.Characteristics of upward positive lightning flashes initiated from the Gaisberg Tower.J Geophys Res,117:D06110
Zhou H L,Diendorfer G,Thottappillil R,Pichler H,Mair M.2012b.Measured current and close electric field changes associated with the initiation of upward lightning from a tall tower.J Geophys Res,117:D08102
Ziegler C L,Mac Gorman D R,Dye J E,Ray P S.1991.A model evaluation of noninductive graupel-ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm.J Geophys Res,96:12833-12855