城市绿化对空气质量的影响研究——以中国27个省会城市为例
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摘要
城市间绿化程度与空气污染比较及相关差异分析是提出城市环境管理措施的重要前提。选择全国27个主要省会城市,基于网络街景照片测定绿色指数差异,对比空气主要质量指标[空气质量指数(AQI)、细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))、可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、二氧化硫(SO_2)、二氧化氮(NO_2)、臭氧(O_3)、一氧化碳(CO)]的基础上,探讨了二者相关关系,旨在为提升环境质量、改善绿化水平提供基础数据。结果表明:(1)济南市和重庆市的绿色指数最高,分别达到是11.70%和11.55%,呼和浩特市和拉萨市城市绿色指数最低,在4%～5%。(2)海口市的空气质量最好,AQI为39.66,郑州市和济南市的空气质量最差,AQI年均值分别为117.34和113.93。但是不同空气指标城市排序间差异较大,比如PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2以及SO_2年平均最低的城市都是海口,拉萨市年平均CO含量最低(0.55 mg·m~(-3)),哈尔滨市年平均O_3含量最低(77.08μg·m~(-3))。(3)相关关系分析发现,增加城市的绿色程度,伴随着空气质量的改善,如沈阳、南宁、合肥等城市;但对于某些城市,则存在明显的正相关,如兰州、昆明、贵阳等城市,这意味着城市越绿伴随着空气污染的加重。尽管大量研究已经表明,城市绿色植被能够起到滞尘降低污染的作用,目前我国主要城市的空气污染程度,仅依靠城市绿化改善已经远远不够,甚至某一些城市绿色植被存在阻碍空气流通的作用。上述研究结果为科学规划城市绿化、提升空气质量提供基础数据支撑。
The comparison of urban greening-viewing degree,air pollution and their and related differences analysis are important prerequisites for urban environmental management measures.We selected 27 provincial capital cities of China and measured street-view urban green viewing index based on the network street photo for comparing the main air quality indicators,including air quality index(AQI),fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)),respirable particulate matter (PM_(10)),sulfur dioxide (SO_2),nitrogen dioxide (NO_2),ozone (O_3) and carbon monoxide(CO).Based on these data,the related relationship is discussed between the urban green viewing index and air quality indicators.The aiming is to provide a basis for enhancing environmental quality and improving greening levels.Results showed that:(1)Jinan and Chongqing have the highest green index,reaching 11.70% and 11.55%,respectively.The green index of Hohhot and Lhasa city is the lowest,ranging in 4%-5%.(2)The city with the best air quality is located in Haikou,with AQI of 39.66.The air quality of Zhengzhou and Jinan is the worst.The average annual AQI values are 117.34 and 113.93,respectively.However,according to different air indicators,the order of these cities is quite different.For example,the lowest average annual cities of the lowest PM_(2.5),PM_(10),NO_2 and SO_2 are Haikou.Lhasa has the lowest annual average CO content(CO is 0.55 mg·m~(-3)).While the lowest O_3 content(77.08μg·m~(-3))is in Harbin.(3)Correlation analysis found that the air quality of some cities is improved with increasing the green level,such as Shenyang,Nanning,Hefei,etc.On the other hand,but they also have a significant positive correlation for some cities,including Lanzhou,Kunming,and Guiyang,meaning that the greener level of is increasing air pollution in these cities.(4)Although many studies have shown that urban green vegetation can play the role of dust retention and pollution reduction,the current level of air pollution in major cities in China is far from enough to rely on urban greening improvement.Even green vegetation hinders air circulation in some cities.The above research results provide basic data support for scientific planning urban greening and improving air quality.
The comparison of urban greening-viewing degree,air pollution and their and related differences analysis are important prerequisites for urban environmental management measures.We selected 27 provincial capital cities of China and measured street-view urban green viewing index based on the network street photo for comparing the main air quality indicators,including air quality index(AQI),fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)),respirable particulate matter (PM_(10)),sulfur dioxide (SO_2),nitrogen dioxide (NO_2),ozone (O_3) and carbon monoxide(CO).Based on these data,the related relationship is discussed between the urban green viewing index and air quality indicators.The aiming is to provide a basis for enhancing environmental quality and improving greening levels.Results showed that:(1)Jinan and Chongqing have the highest green index,reaching 11.70% and 11.55%,respectively.The green index of Hohhot and Lhasa city is the lowest,ranging in 4%-5%.(2)The city with the best air quality is located in Haikou,with AQI of 39.66.The air quality of Zhengzhou and Jinan is the worst.The average annual AQI values are 117.34 and 113.93,respectively.However,according to different air indicators,the order of these cities is quite different.For example,the lowest average annual cities of the lowest PM_(2.5),PM_(10),NO_2 and SO_2 are Haikou.Lhasa has the lowest annual average CO content(CO is 0.55 mg·m~(-3)).While the lowest O_3 content(77.08μg·m~(-3))is in Harbin.(3)Correlation analysis found that the air quality of some cities is improved with increasing the green level,such as Shenyang,Nanning,Hefei,etc.On the other hand,but they also have a significant positive correlation for some cities,including Lanzhou,Kunming,and Guiyang,meaning that the greener level of is increasing air pollution in these cities.(4)Although many studies have shown that urban green vegetation can play the role of dust retention and pollution reduction,the current level of air pollution in major cities in China is far from enough to rely on urban greening improvement.Even green vegetation hinders air circulation in some cities.The above research results provide basic data support for scientific planning urban greening and improving air quality.
引文
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23.Bonn B,Von S E,Butler T,et al.Impact of vegetative emissions on urban ozone and biogenic secondary organic aerosol:Box model study for Berlin,Germany[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,176:827-841.
2.刘路.2015~2016年全国主要城市空气污染时空变化分析[D].上海:上海师范大学,2018.Liu L.Spatial and spatial changes of air pollution in major cities from 2015-2016[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2018.
3.刘纯旭.城市大气污染防治对策研究[J].黑龙江科技信息,2014(11):6.Liu C X.Research on urban air pollution control countermeasures[J].Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information,2014(11):6.
4.Chen C,Zhao B.Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles:I/O ratio,infiltration factor and penetration factor[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(2):275-288.
5.Hong B,Lin B R,Qin H Q.Numerical Investigation on the effect of avenue trees on PM2.5dispersion in urban street canyons[J].Atmosphere,2017,8(7):129.
6.Kim S,Lee S,Hwang K,et al.Exploring sustainable street tree planting patterns to be resistant against fine particles(PM2.5)[J].Sustainability,2017,9(10):1709.
7.Li X J,Zhang C R,Li W D,et al.Who lives in greener neighborhoods?The distribution of street greenery and its association with residents’socioeconomic conditions in Hartford,Connecticut,USA[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2015,14(4):751-759.
8.Li X J,Zhang C R,Li W D,et al.Environmental inequities in terms of different types of urban greenery in Hartford,Connecticut[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2016,18:163-172.
9.Mcphearson T,Iwaniec D M,BAI X M.Positive visions for guiding urban transformations toward sustainable futures[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2016,22:33-40.
10.Li X J,Zhang C R,Li W D,et al.Assessing street-level urban greenery using Google Street View and a modified green view index[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2015,14(3):675-685.
11.陈上杰.基于模拟实验分析植物对大气颗粒物的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.Chen S J.The influence of plants on particulate matter based on simulation experiment[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2015.
12.王玲.12种常用乔木对大气污染物的吸收净化效益及抗性生理研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.Wang L.Research on absorption and physiological resistance of twelve common trees to air pollutants[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2015.
13.张维康,王兵,牛香.北京不同污染地区园林植物对空气颗粒物的滞纳能力[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2381-2388.Zhang W K,Wang B,Niu X.Adsorption capacity of the air particulate matter in urban landscape plants in different polluted regions of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2381-2388.
14.路嘉丽,沈光,王琼,等.树种差异对哈尔滨市土壤理化性质影响及造林启示[J].植物研究,2016,36(4):549-555.Lu J L,Shen G,Wang Q,et al.Effect of urban tree species on soil physicochemical properties in Harbin,northeastern China,and afforestation implications[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,2016,36(4):549-555.
15.Nowak D J,Hoehn R,Crane D E.Oxygen production by urban trees in the United States[J].Arboriculture&Urban Forestry,2007,33(3):220-226.
16.Jim C Y,Chen W Y.Assessing the ecosystem service of air pollutant removal by urban trees in Guangzhou(China)[J].J Environ Manage,2008,88(4):665-676.
17.张波,王文杰,何兴元,等.哈尔滨城市森林遮荫和降温增湿效应差异及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(4):951-61.Zhang B,Wang W J,He X Y,et al Shading,cooling and humidifying effects of urban forests in Harbin City and possible as-sociation with various factors[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(4):951-61.
18.Chen X L,Zhao H M,Li P X,et al.Remote sensing imagebased analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes[J].Remote Sens Environ,2006,104(2):133-146.
19.朱文泉,何兴元,陈玮.城市森林研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(5):55-59.Zhu W Q,H X Y,Chen W.Advances in urban forest research[J].Journal of Ecology,2001,20(5):55-59.
20.王芳芳.中国空气污染物排放量变迁的影响效应及其跨国比较[D].长沙:湖南大学,2016.Wang F F.The impact of china’s air pollutant emission change and its transnational comparison[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2016.
21.毛敏娟,杜荣光,胡德云.气候变化对浙江省大气污染的影响[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(2):221-230.Mao M J,Du R G,Hu D Y.Impact of climate change on air pollution in zhejiang province[J].Environmental Science Research,2018,31(2):221-230.
22.黄亮.我国臭氧污染特征及现状分析[J].环境保护与循环经济,2014,34(5):64-66.Huang L.Characteristics and current situation of ozone pollution in China[J].Environmental protection and circular economy,2014,34(5):64-66.
23.Bonn B,Von S E,Butler T,et al.Impact of vegetative emissions on urban ozone and biogenic secondary organic aerosol:Box model study for Berlin,Germany[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,176:827-841.