广西红树林恢复历史、成效及经验教训
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摘要
回顾了广西红树林人工造林历史,通过收集资料和调查评估了广西红树林人工造林成效。结果表明,1980年以前广西有红树林人工林274.7hm2,1980-2001年新增818.2hm2。2002-2015年的14年间,广西营造了3 984.5hm2的红树林,成林1 338.9hm2,保存率为33.6%,其中乡土红树林和外来无瓣海桑林分别贡献了73.86%和26.14%。与此同时,广西红树林天然林比例从2001年的86.95%迅速下降到2015年的66.82%,年均下降1.34%。在广西红树林总面积变化不大的情况下,天然林比例的快速下降,反映出15年间人工林逐渐替代天然林的现象严重。论文总结了广西红树林造林的经验教训,重新评估了宜林滩涂的潜力,将红树林恢复细分为自然恢复、人工修复和重建造林3大类。自然恢复、人工修复有利于改善红树林质量,重建造林则重在扩大红树林数量。最后,给出了中越边界困难滩涂乡土红树林重建的成功范例。
The history of mangrove plantation in Guangxi of China was briefly reviewed,and its restoration achievements were evaluated through collecting data and field investigations.The results showed that there were 274.7 hm~2 of artificial mangroves in Guangxi before 1980 and it added 818.2 hm~2 in 1980-2001.A total of 3 984.5 hm~2 mangroves were planted in Guangxi during the 14 years from 2002 to 2015,and merely 1 338.9 hm~2 of them survived with a preservation rate of 33.6%.Among them,native mangroves and exotic Sonneratia apetala forest contributed 73.86% and 26.14% respectively.At the same time,the ratio of mangroves to natural forests in Guangxi dropped rapidly from 86.95%in 2001 to 66.82%in 2015,with an average annual decline of 1.34%.Under the condition that the total area of mangroves in Guangxi changed little,the rapid decrease in the proportion of natural forests reflected that artificial mangroves had gradually taken the place of the natural forests in Guangxi during the 15 years,this phenomenon was very serious.The paper also summarized the experiences and lessons of mangrove plantation in Guangxi,re-evaluated the potential of habitats suitable for mangroves,and subdivided restoration into three categories:Natural restoration,artificial remediation and rehabilitation.Natural restoration and artificial restoration are beneficial to improving the quality of mangroves,while the rehabilitation is focused on expanding the number of mangroves.Finally,a successful example of the reconstruction of native mangroves at an unsuitable site of China-Vietnam border is given.
The history of mangrove plantation in Guangxi of China was briefly reviewed,and its restoration achievements were evaluated through collecting data and field investigations.The results showed that there were 274.7 hm~2 of artificial mangroves in Guangxi before 1980 and it added 818.2 hm~2 in 1980-2001.A total of 3 984.5 hm~2 mangroves were planted in Guangxi during the 14 years from 2002 to 2015,and merely 1 338.9 hm~2 of them survived with a preservation rate of 33.6%.Among them,native mangroves and exotic Sonneratia apetala forest contributed 73.86% and 26.14% respectively.At the same time,the ratio of mangroves to natural forests in Guangxi dropped rapidly from 86.95%in 2001 to 66.82%in 2015,with an average annual decline of 1.34%.Under the condition that the total area of mangroves in Guangxi changed little,the rapid decrease in the proportion of natural forests reflected that artificial mangroves had gradually taken the place of the natural forests in Guangxi during the 15 years,this phenomenon was very serious.The paper also summarized the experiences and lessons of mangrove plantation in Guangxi,re-evaluated the potential of habitats suitable for mangroves,and subdivided restoration into three categories:Natural restoration,artificial remediation and rehabilitation.Natural restoration and artificial restoration are beneficial to improving the quality of mangroves,while the rehabilitation is focused on expanding the number of mangroves.Finally,a successful example of the reconstruction of native mangroves at an unsuitable site of China-Vietnam border is given.
引文
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[2]范航清,王文卿.中国红树林保育的若干重要问题[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2017,56(3):323-330.FAN H Q,WANG W Q.Some thematic issues for mangrove conservation in China[J].Journal of Xiamen University:Natural Science,2017,56(3):323-330.
[3]廖宝文,张乔民.中国红树林的分布、面积和树种组成[J].湿地科学,2014,12(4):435-440.LIAO B W,ZHANG Q M.Area,distribution and species composition of mangroves in China[J].Wetland Science,2014,12(4):435-440.
[4]国家林业局.中国湿地资源简况:第二次全国湿地资源调查[R].2013.State Forestry Administration.The brief wetland resource in China:The second national survey of wetland resources[R].2013.
[5]但新球,廖宝文,吴照柏,等.中国红树林湿地资源、保护现状和主要威胁[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(7):1237-1243.DAN X Q,LIAO B W,WU Z B,et al.Resources,conservation status and main threats of mangrove wetlands in China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(7):1237-1243.
[6]COSTANZA R,D'ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[7]中国人与生物圈国家委员会,广西壮族自治区海洋局.多方参与的经验及展望:广西山口红树林世界生物圈保护区的十年[M].北京:海洋出版社,2011.Lessons learnt and prospects of multi-participations:The one decade of Shankou Mangrove Biosphere Reserve,Guangxi,China[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2011.
[8]李春干,周梅.修筑海堤后光滩上红树林的形成与空间扩展——以广西珍珠港谭吉万尾西堤为例[J].湿地科学,2017,15(1):1-9.LI C G,ZHOU M.Establishment and expanding of mangrove forest after construction of the seawall:A case study of Tahji-Wanwei Seawall in Pear Bay,Guangxi[J].Wetland Science,2017,15(1):1-9.
[9]廖宝文,李玫,陈玉军,等.中国红树林恢复与重建技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:33-53.LIAO B W,LI M,CHEN Y J,et al.Techniques on restoration and reconstruction of mangrove ecosystem in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:33-53.
[10]郑德璋,郑松发,廖宝文,等.红树林湿地的利用及其保护和造林[J].林业科学研究,1995,8(3):322-328.ZHENG D Z,ZHENG S F,LIAO B W,et al.The utilization,protection and afforestation on mangrove wetland[J].Forest research,1995,8(3):322-328.
[11]国家林业局.全国沿海防护林体系建设工程规划(2016—2025)[林规发[2017]38号][Z].2017.State Forestry Administration.Planning of national coastal shelterbelt system construction(2016—2025)[Lin Gui Fa[2017]No.38][Z].2017.
[12]范航清,王欣,何斌源,等.人工生境创立与红树林重建[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2014.FAN H Q,WANG X,HE B Y,et al.Artificial habitat establishment and mangrove rehabilitation[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2014.