古尔班通古特沙漠南缘丘间地梭梭群落蒸散特征
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摘要
根据2016年古尔班通古特沙漠南缘丘间地梭梭生育期定点观测的土壤水分、气象要素等资料,基于水量平衡原理估算了梭梭生育期蒸散量,分析了蒸散变化规律。结果表明:(1)在梭梭生长季,降雨量为206. 7 mm,降雨分布不均,梭梭萌发期,降雨量最多;梭梭生长旺盛期,月降雨量逐月减少;梭梭枯落期,降雨量最少。(2)在梭梭生长季,梭梭群落0～400 cm土壤贮水量变化整体呈下降趋势,梭梭萌发期是土壤贮水量盈余期,生长旺盛期和枯落期为土壤贮水量亏损期;梭梭群落发挥土壤水库效应,依靠生长季前土壤蓄水来弥补梭梭群落生长季需水缺额。(3)在梭梭生长季,蒸散量变化特征为多峰曲线,峰值主要出现在降雨集中期,最低值出现在土壤贮水量亏损期。(4)在梭梭生长季,梭梭群落累积蒸散量增幅始终高于累积降雨量增幅,累积蒸散量大于累积降雨量。
According to the observed data about soil moisture and meteorological elements at the fixed observation points for Haloxylon ammodendron in the interdune lowland at the Southern Edge of Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang,China,during the growing season( from April 1 to October 31) in 2016,their evapotranspiration was estimated based on the principle of water balance and the evapotranspiration change law was analyzed. The results showed as follows:( 1) During their growing season of Haloxylon ammodendron,the precipitation was 206. 7 mm.The distribution of precipitation in the experimental area was uneven,and it had the maximum precipitation during the Haloxylon ammodendron germination period. The precipitation was decreased month by month during the strong growth period of Haloxylon ammodendron,and the precipitation was the least when the Haloxylon ammodendron starts to wither and fall.( 2) During the growing season of Haloxylon ammodendron,the water storage from the 0 ～400 cm soil layer of Haloxylon ammodendron community showed a decreasing trend. Meanwhile,the soil moisture was quickly replenished during the Haloxylon germination period and it is reduced at other stages. The Haloxylon ammodendron community relied on soil water storage accumulated before the growth season to compensate for the water shortage in the growth season of Haloxylon ammodendron community.( 3) The evapotranspiration of the growth season of Haloxylon ammodendron community showed an obvious multi-peak curve,and the peak occurred mainly in the concentrating period of rainfall,the lowest value of evapotranspiration appears in the soil water storage loss period.( 4) During the growing season,the rate of increase of the cumulative evapotranspiration was always higher than that of the accumulated precipitation,and the cumulative evapotranspiration was bigger than the cumulative precipitation.
According to the observed data about soil moisture and meteorological elements at the fixed observation points for Haloxylon ammodendron in the interdune lowland at the Southern Edge of Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang,China,during the growing season( from April 1 to October 31) in 2016,their evapotranspiration was estimated based on the principle of water balance and the evapotranspiration change law was analyzed. The results showed as follows:( 1) During their growing season of Haloxylon ammodendron,the precipitation was 206. 7 mm.The distribution of precipitation in the experimental area was uneven,and it had the maximum precipitation during the Haloxylon ammodendron germination period. The precipitation was decreased month by month during the strong growth period of Haloxylon ammodendron,and the precipitation was the least when the Haloxylon ammodendron starts to wither and fall.( 2) During the growing season of Haloxylon ammodendron,the water storage from the 0 ～400 cm soil layer of Haloxylon ammodendron community showed a decreasing trend. Meanwhile,the soil moisture was quickly replenished during the Haloxylon germination period and it is reduced at other stages. The Haloxylon ammodendron community relied on soil water storage accumulated before the growth season to compensate for the water shortage in the growth season of Haloxylon ammodendron community.( 3) The evapotranspiration of the growth season of Haloxylon ammodendron community showed an obvious multi-peak curve,and the peak occurred mainly in the concentrating period of rainfall,the lowest value of evapotranspiration appears in the soil water storage loss period.( 4) During the growing season,the rate of increase of the cumulative evapotranspiration was always higher than that of the accumulated precipitation,and the cumulative evapotranspiration was bigger than the cumulative precipitation.
引文
[1]王春玲,郭泉水,谭德远.准噶尔盆地东南缘不同生境条件下梭梭群落结构特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(7):1224-1229.[WANG Chunling,GUO Quanshui,TAN Deyuan. Haloxylon ammodendron community patterns in different habitats along southeastern edge of Zhunger Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(7):1224-1229.]
[2]翟翠霞,马健,李彦.古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土土壤蒸发特征[J].干旱区地理,2007,30(6):805-811.[ZAI Cuixia,MA Jian,LI Yan. Characteristics of soil evaporation in sandy soil of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2007,30(6):805-811.]
[3]陈永宝,胡顺军,朱海.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭群落土壤蒸发特征[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(1):190-197.[CHEN Yongbao,HU Shunjun,ZHU Hai. Soil evaporation of Haloxylon ammodendron community in the south of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(1):190-197.]
[4]曹晓明,程曦,王卷乐.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘非灌溉条件下梭梭蒸腾耗水特征[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):292-301.[CAO Xiaoming,CHENG Xi,WANG Juanle. Water consumption and transpiration of non-irrigated Haloxylon ammodendron in hinterland of Taklimakan Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):292-301.]
[5]孙鹏飞,周宏飞,李彦.古尔班通古特沙漠原生梭梭树干液流及耗水量[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6901-6909.[SUN Pengfei,ZHOU Hongfei,LI Yan. Flow and water consumption of native Haloxylon ammodendron in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6901-6909.]
[6]李浩,胡顺军,王泽峰.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭茎干液流变化及其对环境因子的响应[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(4):795-804.[LI Hao,HU Shunjun,WANG Zefeng. Dynamics and responses of sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron to environmental variables in the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2017,40(4):795-804.]
[7]莫兴国.区域蒸发研究综述[J].水科学进展,1996,(2):180-185.[MO Xingguo. A review of regional evaporation[J]. Advances in Water Science,1996,(2):180-185.]
[8]石元春,刘昌明,龚元石.节水农业应用基础研究进展[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:83-88.[SHI Yuanchun,LIU Changming,GONG Yuanshi. Advances in basic research on watersaving agriculture[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:83-88.]
[9]屈艳萍,康绍忠,张晓涛,等.植物蒸发蒸腾量测定方法述评[J].水利水电科技进展,2006,(3):72-77.[QU Yanping,KANG Shaozhong,ZHANG Xiaotao,et al. Review on the method of determining plant evapotranspiration[J]. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2006,(3):72-77.]
[10]许迪,刘钰,杨大文,等.蒸散发尺度效应与时空尺度拓展[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:1-23.[XU Di,LIU Yu,YANG Dawen,et al. Evapotranspiration scale effect and spatio-temporal scale expansion[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2015:1-23.]
[11]胡顺军,陈永宝,朱海.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘融雪水土壤入渗量[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(4):1007-1015.[HU Shunjun,CHEN Yongbao,ZHU Hai. Soil infiltration of snowmelt water in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(4):1007-1015.]
[12]钱亦兵,吴兆宁.古尔班通古特沙漠环境研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[QIAN Yibing,WU Zhaoning. Study on the environment of Gurbantunggut Desert[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[13]戴岳,唐立松,李彦.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭水分利用动态[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(11):1214-1225.[DAI Yue,TANG Lisong,LI Yan. Water use efficiency of Haloxylon ammodendron in the south of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38(11):1214-1225.]
[14]汤英,周宏飞,徐利岗.荒漠植被影响下的沙地稳定入渗率变化特征[J].土壤通报,2009,40(2):235-239.[TANG Ying,ZHOU Hongfei,XU Ligang. Variation characteristics of stable infiltration rate of sandy land affected by desert vegetation[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(2):235-239.]
[15]蒋进,王雪芹,雷加强.古尔班通古特沙漠工程防护体系内土壤水分变化规律[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(3):74-77.[JIANG Jin,WANG Xueqin,LEI Jiaqiang. Soil moisture distribution in straw barrier system in Gurbantunggut Desert of Xinjiang,China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(3):74-77.]
[16]张立运,陈昌笃.论古尔班通古特沙漠植物多样性的一般特点[J].生态学报,2002,22(11):1923-1932.[ZHANG Liyun,CHEN Changdu. General characteristics of plant diversity in Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,,2002,22(11):1923-1932.]
[17]朱海,胡顺军,李浩.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘固定沙丘土壤水分时空变化特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):117-126.[ZHU Hai,HU Shunjun,LI Hao. Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in fixed dunes at the southern edge of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):117-126.]
[18] BOULET G,CHEHBOUNI A,BRAUD I,et al. A simple water and energy balance model designed for regionalization and remote sensing data utilization[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):117-132.
[19] ROSENQVIST L,HANSEN K,VESTERDAL L,et al. Water balance in afforestation chronosequences of common oak and Norway spruce on former arable land in Denmark and southern Sweden[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2010,150(2):196-207.
[20] YASEEF N R,YAKIR D,ROTENBERG E,et al. Ecohydrology of a semi-arid forest:Partitioning among water balance components and its implications for predicted precipitation changes[J]. Ecohydrology,2010,3(2):143-154.
[21]孙东霞,杨建成.古尔班通古特沙漠腹地与周边的降雨特征分析[J].干旱区地理,2010,33(5):769-774.[SUN Dongxia,YANG Jiancheng. Characteristics of precipitation in the hinterland and surroundings of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2010,33(5):769-774.]
[22]赵从举,雷加强,王雪芹,等.古尔班通古特沙漠腹地春季土壤水分空间分异研究[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(2):154-158.[ZHAO Congju,LEI Jiaqiang,WANG Xueqin,et al. Study on spatial differentiation of soil moisture in the hinterland of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2003,26(2):154-158.]
[23]周宏飞,肖祖炎,姚海娇,等.古尔班通古特沙漠树枝状沙丘土壤水分时空变异特征[J].水科学进展,2013,24(6):771-777.[ZHOU Hongfei,XIAO Zhuyan,YAO Haijiao,et al. Temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture in dendritic dunes of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Advances in Water Science,2013,24(6):771-777.]
[24]秦艳芳,陈曦,周可法,等.古尔班通古特沙漠春季土壤含水量空间格局[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(6):1041-1048.[QIN Yanfang,CHEN Xi,ZHOU Kefa,et al. Spatial pattern of soil water content in spring of the Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(6):1041-1048.]
[25]杨艳凤,周宏飞,徐利岗.古尔班通古特沙漠原生梭梭根区土壤水分变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(7):1711-1716.[YANG Yanfeng,ZHOU Hongfei,XU Ligang. Characteristics of soil moisture variation in the Haloxylon ammodendron zone in Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(7):1711-1716.]
[26]李开元,李玉山.黄土高原农田水量平衡研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(2):39-44.[LI Kaiyuan,LI Yushan. Study on farmland water balance in Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,9(2):39-44.]
[2]翟翠霞,马健,李彦.古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土土壤蒸发特征[J].干旱区地理,2007,30(6):805-811.[ZAI Cuixia,MA Jian,LI Yan. Characteristics of soil evaporation in sandy soil of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2007,30(6):805-811.]
[3]陈永宝,胡顺军,朱海.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭群落土壤蒸发特征[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(1):190-197.[CHEN Yongbao,HU Shunjun,ZHU Hai. Soil evaporation of Haloxylon ammodendron community in the south of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(1):190-197.]
[4]曹晓明,程曦,王卷乐.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘非灌溉条件下梭梭蒸腾耗水特征[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):292-301.[CAO Xiaoming,CHENG Xi,WANG Juanle. Water consumption and transpiration of non-irrigated Haloxylon ammodendron in hinterland of Taklimakan Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):292-301.]
[5]孙鹏飞,周宏飞,李彦.古尔班通古特沙漠原生梭梭树干液流及耗水量[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6901-6909.[SUN Pengfei,ZHOU Hongfei,LI Yan. Flow and water consumption of native Haloxylon ammodendron in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6901-6909.]
[6]李浩,胡顺军,王泽峰.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭茎干液流变化及其对环境因子的响应[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(4):795-804.[LI Hao,HU Shunjun,WANG Zefeng. Dynamics and responses of sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron to environmental variables in the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2017,40(4):795-804.]
[7]莫兴国.区域蒸发研究综述[J].水科学进展,1996,(2):180-185.[MO Xingguo. A review of regional evaporation[J]. Advances in Water Science,1996,(2):180-185.]
[8]石元春,刘昌明,龚元石.节水农业应用基础研究进展[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:83-88.[SHI Yuanchun,LIU Changming,GONG Yuanshi. Advances in basic research on watersaving agriculture[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:83-88.]
[9]屈艳萍,康绍忠,张晓涛,等.植物蒸发蒸腾量测定方法述评[J].水利水电科技进展,2006,(3):72-77.[QU Yanping,KANG Shaozhong,ZHANG Xiaotao,et al. Review on the method of determining plant evapotranspiration[J]. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2006,(3):72-77.]
[10]许迪,刘钰,杨大文,等.蒸散发尺度效应与时空尺度拓展[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:1-23.[XU Di,LIU Yu,YANG Dawen,et al. Evapotranspiration scale effect and spatio-temporal scale expansion[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2015:1-23.]
[11]胡顺军,陈永宝,朱海.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘融雪水土壤入渗量[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(4):1007-1015.[HU Shunjun,CHEN Yongbao,ZHU Hai. Soil infiltration of snowmelt water in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(4):1007-1015.]
[12]钱亦兵,吴兆宁.古尔班通古特沙漠环境研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[QIAN Yibing,WU Zhaoning. Study on the environment of Gurbantunggut Desert[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[13]戴岳,唐立松,李彦.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭水分利用动态[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(11):1214-1225.[DAI Yue,TANG Lisong,LI Yan. Water use efficiency of Haloxylon ammodendron in the south of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38(11):1214-1225.]
[14]汤英,周宏飞,徐利岗.荒漠植被影响下的沙地稳定入渗率变化特征[J].土壤通报,2009,40(2):235-239.[TANG Ying,ZHOU Hongfei,XU Ligang. Variation characteristics of stable infiltration rate of sandy land affected by desert vegetation[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(2):235-239.]
[15]蒋进,王雪芹,雷加强.古尔班通古特沙漠工程防护体系内土壤水分变化规律[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(3):74-77.[JIANG Jin,WANG Xueqin,LEI Jiaqiang. Soil moisture distribution in straw barrier system in Gurbantunggut Desert of Xinjiang,China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(3):74-77.]
[16]张立运,陈昌笃.论古尔班通古特沙漠植物多样性的一般特点[J].生态学报,2002,22(11):1923-1932.[ZHANG Liyun,CHEN Changdu. General characteristics of plant diversity in Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,,2002,22(11):1923-1932.]
[17]朱海,胡顺军,李浩.古尔班通古特沙漠南缘固定沙丘土壤水分时空变化特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):117-126.[ZHU Hai,HU Shunjun,LI Hao. Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in fixed dunes at the southern edge of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):117-126.]
[18] BOULET G,CHEHBOUNI A,BRAUD I,et al. A simple water and energy balance model designed for regionalization and remote sensing data utilization[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):117-132.
[19] ROSENQVIST L,HANSEN K,VESTERDAL L,et al. Water balance in afforestation chronosequences of common oak and Norway spruce on former arable land in Denmark and southern Sweden[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2010,150(2):196-207.
[20] YASEEF N R,YAKIR D,ROTENBERG E,et al. Ecohydrology of a semi-arid forest:Partitioning among water balance components and its implications for predicted precipitation changes[J]. Ecohydrology,2010,3(2):143-154.
[21]孙东霞,杨建成.古尔班通古特沙漠腹地与周边的降雨特征分析[J].干旱区地理,2010,33(5):769-774.[SUN Dongxia,YANG Jiancheng. Characteristics of precipitation in the hinterland and surroundings of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2010,33(5):769-774.]
[22]赵从举,雷加强,王雪芹,等.古尔班通古特沙漠腹地春季土壤水分空间分异研究[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(2):154-158.[ZHAO Congju,LEI Jiaqiang,WANG Xueqin,et al. Study on spatial differentiation of soil moisture in the hinterland of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2003,26(2):154-158.]
[23]周宏飞,肖祖炎,姚海娇,等.古尔班通古特沙漠树枝状沙丘土壤水分时空变异特征[J].水科学进展,2013,24(6):771-777.[ZHOU Hongfei,XIAO Zhuyan,YAO Haijiao,et al. Temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture in dendritic dunes of Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Advances in Water Science,2013,24(6):771-777.]
[24]秦艳芳,陈曦,周可法,等.古尔班通古特沙漠春季土壤含水量空间格局[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(6):1041-1048.[QIN Yanfang,CHEN Xi,ZHOU Kefa,et al. Spatial pattern of soil water content in spring of the Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(6):1041-1048.]
[25]杨艳凤,周宏飞,徐利岗.古尔班通古特沙漠原生梭梭根区土壤水分变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(7):1711-1716.[YANG Yanfeng,ZHOU Hongfei,XU Ligang. Characteristics of soil moisture variation in the Haloxylon ammodendron zone in Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(7):1711-1716.]
[26]李开元,李玉山.黄土高原农田水量平衡研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(2):39-44.[LI Kaiyuan,LI Yushan. Study on farmland water balance in Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,9(2):39-44.]
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