青岛4个海水浴场微塑料的分布特征
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摘要
微塑料(microplastics,MPs)作为有毒有害物质的载体,会随洋流作用传播、被生物摄入并影响其生长代谢,已经成为全球性的环境问题.为揭示青岛近岸MPs分布规律和影响因素,利用表层现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、光学显微镜和荧光显微镜结合观察的方法,研究了青岛近岸4个典型海水浴场海水和沉积物中MPs丰度分布,分析了各海水浴场MPs的粒径范围、形状和化学成分.结果表明,4个浴场海水中MPs含量范围为5.05×10~3～1.25×10~4个·m~(-3);沉积物中MPs含量范围为1.91×10~3～4.35×10~3个·m~(-2),海水中MPs含量高的站位相应沉积物中含量也高.4种粒径范围MPs在海水及沉积物中皆表现为粒径大小与其含量成负相关,例如,海水中MPs含量最高的为0.05～0.1 mm(4.10×10~3个·m~(-3)),最低为1～5 mm(2.05×10~3个·m~(-3)).纤维状MPs在海水中和沉积物中均占比最高,分别为48.73%和37.51%,其次为颗粒和碎片型.用ATR-FTIR从海水中检测出8种塑料类型,含量由高到低为:PET>PP>PS>PE>PVC≈SB>PA≈PMA;沉积物中检测出6种MPs,同海水相比,没有PMA和PA,含量较高的4种MPs类型与海水相同.沉积物中的MPs在粒径、形状及成分上与海水具有相似性,说明青岛近岸海水浴场的海水及沉积物可能有相同的污染源:包装行业、服装纺织业、旅游业.研究结果为揭示沿海旅游型城市海水浴场MPs的分布及来源、开展海岸带MPs污染研究与监督工作提供了基础数据.
Microplastics(MPs,plastic fibers,debris,or particles that are generally smaller than 5 mm in diameter) can serve as carriers for hazardous substances,which are ingested by organisms in the ocean and can affect their growth and metabolism.Moreover,MPs will spread with ocean currents,and MP pollution has become a global problem.In this study,the MP abundance distribution of four typical beaches near the coast of Qingdao was studied by the combination of ordinary microscope and fluorescence microscope methods.In addition,the distribution of MPs collected from various beaches in different particle size ranges,shapes,and chemical compositions was discussed.Abundances on the sea surface varied between 5.05×10~3 particles·m~(-3) and 1.25×10~4 particles·m~(-3),and the concentration of MPs in sand varied between 1.91×10~3 particles·m~(-2) and 4.35×10~3 particles·m~(-2),with no significant differences detected among the four beaches examined.The results show the pervasiveness of MP pollution in coastal environments of Qingdao.The size of particles found in this study ranged from 5 mm to 50μm,and increases in abundance were detected with the decreasing particle size.Polypropylene(PP),polyethylene(PE),polystyrene(PS),polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polyvinyl chloride(PVC),96% polystyrene +4% butadiene copolymer(SB),polymethyl acrylate(PMA),and polyamide(PA) were present in seawater in coastal environments of Qingdao,and compared with the seawater samples,no PA or PMA were found in sand.Research results indicated that fiber was dominant in seawater and sand.MPs in the sand were similar to those in seawater in terms of the particle size,shape,and composition,thus indicating that the seawater and sand of the bathing beaches in Qingdao may have the same pollution sources,e.g.,the packaging industry,clothing textile industry,and tourism.This paper studies the distribution and sources of MPs in the bathing beaches of Qingdao,and it provides basic data for research and supervision of environmental MP pollution in Chinese coastal zones.
Microplastics(MPs,plastic fibers,debris,or particles that are generally smaller than 5 mm in diameter) can serve as carriers for hazardous substances,which are ingested by organisms in the ocean and can affect their growth and metabolism.Moreover,MPs will spread with ocean currents,and MP pollution has become a global problem.In this study,the MP abundance distribution of four typical beaches near the coast of Qingdao was studied by the combination of ordinary microscope and fluorescence microscope methods.In addition,the distribution of MPs collected from various beaches in different particle size ranges,shapes,and chemical compositions was discussed.Abundances on the sea surface varied between 5.05×10~3 particles·m~(-3) and 1.25×10~4 particles·m~(-3),and the concentration of MPs in sand varied between 1.91×10~3 particles·m~(-2) and 4.35×10~3 particles·m~(-2),with no significant differences detected among the four beaches examined.The results show the pervasiveness of MP pollution in coastal environments of Qingdao.The size of particles found in this study ranged from 5 mm to 50μm,and increases in abundance were detected with the decreasing particle size.Polypropylene(PP),polyethylene(PE),polystyrene(PS),polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polyvinyl chloride(PVC),96% polystyrene +4% butadiene copolymer(SB),polymethyl acrylate(PMA),and polyamide(PA) were present in seawater in coastal environments of Qingdao,and compared with the seawater samples,no PA or PMA were found in sand.Research results indicated that fiber was dominant in seawater and sand.MPs in the sand were similar to those in seawater in terms of the particle size,shape,and composition,thus indicating that the seawater and sand of the bathing beaches in Qingdao may have the same pollution sources,e.g.,the packaging industry,clothing textile industry,and tourism.This paper studies the distribution and sources of MPs in the bathing beaches of Qingdao,and it provides basic data for research and supervision of environmental MP pollution in Chinese coastal zones.
引文
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[10] Jabeen K,Su L,Li J N,et al. Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,221:141-149.
[11] Kolandhasamy P, Su L, Li J N, et al. Adherence of microplastics to soft tissue of mussels:a novel way to uptake microplastics beyond ingestion[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,610-611:635-640.
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[13] Wang J D, Tan Z, Peng J P, et al. The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment[J]. Marine Environmental Research,2016,113:7-17.
[14] Batel A,Linti F,Scherer M,et al. Transfer of benzo[a]pyrene from microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment:CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2016,35(7):1656-1666.
[15] Wright S L,Kelly F J. Plastic and human health:a micro issue?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(12):6634-6647.
[16] Tang G W, Liu M Y, Zhou Q, et al. Microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Xiamen coastal areas:implications for anthropogenic impacts[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,634:811-820.
[17] Frias J P G L. Effects of the presence of microplastic particles in portuguese coastal waters and marine mussels[D]. Portugal:Universidade NOVA de Lisboa,2015. 2-5.
[18] Browne M A,Crump P,Niven S J,et al. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide:sources and sinks[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(21):9175-9179.
[19] Zhao S Y,Zhu L X,Wang T,et al. Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze estuary system,China:first observations on occurrence,distribution[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,86(1-2):562-568.
[20] Fok L,Cheung P K. Hong Kong at the Pearl river estuary:a hotspot of microplastic pollution[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,99(1-2):112-118.
[21] Fok L,Cheung P K,Tang G D,et al. Size distribution of stranded small plastic debris on the coast of Guangdong,south China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,220:407-412.
[22] Liebezeit G,Dubaish F. Microplastics in beaches of the east Frisian islands Spiekeroog and Kachelotplate[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2012,89(1):213-217.
[23] Nuelle M T,Dekiff J H,Remy D,et al. A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184:161-169.
[24] Kim I S,Chae D H,Kim S K,et al. Factors influencing the spatial variation of microplastics on high-tidal coastal beaches in Korea[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,69(3):299-309.
[25] Noik V J,Tuah P M. A first survey on the abundance of plastics fragments and particles on two sandy beaches in Kuching,Sarawak,Malaysia[A]. In:IOP Conference Series:Materials Science and Engineering[C]. England:IOP Publishing,2015.633-644.
[26] Lo H S,Xu X,Wong C Y,et al. Comparisons of microplastic pollution between mudflats and sandy beaches in Hong Kong[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,236:208-217.
[27] Kppler A,Fischer D,Oberbeckmann S,et al. Analysis of environmental microplastics by vibrational microspectroscopy:FTIR,Raman or both?[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2016,408(29):8377-8391.
[28] Auta H S, Emenike C U, Fauziah S H. Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment:A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions[J].Environment International,2017,102:165-176.
[29] Mathalon A, Hill P. Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor,Nova Scotia[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):69-79.
[30] Cai M G,He H X,Liu M Y,et al. Lost but can't be neglected:huge quantities of small microplastics hide in the south China sea[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,633:1206-1216.
[31] Hidalgo-Ruz V,Gutow L,Thompson R C,et al. Microplastics in the marine environment:a review of the methods used for identification and quantification[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(6):3060-3075.
[32] Dekiff J H,Remy D,Klasmeier J,et al. Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in sediments from Norderney[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,186:248-256.
[33] Abayomi O A,Range P,Al-Ghouti M A,et al. Microplastics in coastal environments of the Arabian Gulf[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,124(1):181-188.
[34] Duis K,Coors A. Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment:sources(with a specific focus on personal care products),fate and effects[J]. Environmental Sciences Europe,2016,28(1):2.
[35] Imhof H K,Laforsch C,Wiesheu A C,et al. Pigments and plastic in limnetic ecosystems:a qualitative and quantitative study on microparticles of different size classes[J]. Water Research,2016,98:64-74.
[36] OMann B E,Sarau G,Holtmannsptter H,et al. Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water[J]. Water Research,2018,141:307-316.
[37] Turner A. Concentrations and migratabilities of hazardous elements in second-hand children's plastic toys[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(5):3110-3116.
[38] Zhao S Y,Zhu L X,Li D J. Characterization of small plastic debris on tourism beaches around the south China sea[J].Regional Studies in Marine Science,2015,1:55-62.
[39] Lusher A L, Mc Hugh M, Thompson R C. Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English channel[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,67(1-2):94-99.
[40] Santos R G,Andrades R,Fardim L M,et al. Marine debris ingestion and Thayer's law-The importance of plastic color[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:585-588.
[41] Veerasingam S,Saha M,Suneel V,et al. Characteristics,seasonal distribution and surface degradation features of microplastic pellets along the Goa coast, India[J].Chemosphere,2016,159:496-505.
[42] Thompson R C. Plastic debris in the marine environment:consequences and solutions[A]. In:Krause J,Nordheim H,Brger S(Eds.). Marine Nature Conservation in Europe[M].Stralsund:Federal Agency for Nature Conservation,2006. 107-116.
[43] Engler R E. The complex interaction between marine debris and toxic chemicals in the ocean[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(22):12302-12315.
[2] Song Y K,Hong S H,Jang M,et al. Combined effects of UV exposure duration and mechanical abrasion on microplastic fragmentation by polymer type[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(8):4368-4376.
[3] Thompson R C,Olsen Y,Mitchell R P,et al. Lost at sea:where is all the plastic?[J]. Science,2004,304(5672):838.
[4] Eriksen M,Lebreton L C M,Carson H S,et al. Plastic pollution in the world's oceans:more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea[J]. PLo S One,2014,9(12):e111913.
[5] Van Sebille E,Wilcox C,Lebreton L,et al. A global inventory of small floating plastic debris[J]. Environmental Research Letters,2015,10(12):124006.
[6] Andrady A L. Microplastics in the marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(8):1596-1605.
[7] Cózar A,Echevarría F,González-Gordillo J I,et al. Plastic debris in the open ocean[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(28):10239-10244.
[8] Silva-Cavalcanti J S,Silva J D B,De Frana E J,et al.Microplastics ingestion by a common tropical freshwater fishing resource[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,221:218-226.
[9] Peters C A, Thomas P A, Rieper K B, et al. Foraging preferences influence microplastic ingestion by six marine fish species from the Texas Gulf coast[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,124(1):82-88.
[10] Jabeen K,Su L,Li J N,et al. Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,221:141-149.
[11] Kolandhasamy P, Su L, Li J N, et al. Adherence of microplastics to soft tissue of mussels:a novel way to uptake microplastics beyond ingestion[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,610-611:635-640.
[12] Hmer J,Gutow L,Khler A,et al. Fate of microplastics in the marine isopod Idotea emarginata[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(22):13451-13458.
[13] Wang J D, Tan Z, Peng J P, et al. The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment[J]. Marine Environmental Research,2016,113:7-17.
[14] Batel A,Linti F,Scherer M,et al. Transfer of benzo[a]pyrene from microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment:CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2016,35(7):1656-1666.
[15] Wright S L,Kelly F J. Plastic and human health:a micro issue?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(12):6634-6647.
[16] Tang G W, Liu M Y, Zhou Q, et al. Microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Xiamen coastal areas:implications for anthropogenic impacts[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,634:811-820.
[17] Frias J P G L. Effects of the presence of microplastic particles in portuguese coastal waters and marine mussels[D]. Portugal:Universidade NOVA de Lisboa,2015. 2-5.
[18] Browne M A,Crump P,Niven S J,et al. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide:sources and sinks[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(21):9175-9179.
[19] Zhao S Y,Zhu L X,Wang T,et al. Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze estuary system,China:first observations on occurrence,distribution[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,86(1-2):562-568.
[20] Fok L,Cheung P K. Hong Kong at the Pearl river estuary:a hotspot of microplastic pollution[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,99(1-2):112-118.
[21] Fok L,Cheung P K,Tang G D,et al. Size distribution of stranded small plastic debris on the coast of Guangdong,south China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,220:407-412.
[22] Liebezeit G,Dubaish F. Microplastics in beaches of the east Frisian islands Spiekeroog and Kachelotplate[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2012,89(1):213-217.
[23] Nuelle M T,Dekiff J H,Remy D,et al. A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184:161-169.
[24] Kim I S,Chae D H,Kim S K,et al. Factors influencing the spatial variation of microplastics on high-tidal coastal beaches in Korea[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,69(3):299-309.
[25] Noik V J,Tuah P M. A first survey on the abundance of plastics fragments and particles on two sandy beaches in Kuching,Sarawak,Malaysia[A]. In:IOP Conference Series:Materials Science and Engineering[C]. England:IOP Publishing,2015.633-644.
[26] Lo H S,Xu X,Wong C Y,et al. Comparisons of microplastic pollution between mudflats and sandy beaches in Hong Kong[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,236:208-217.
[27] Kppler A,Fischer D,Oberbeckmann S,et al. Analysis of environmental microplastics by vibrational microspectroscopy:FTIR,Raman or both?[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2016,408(29):8377-8391.
[28] Auta H S, Emenike C U, Fauziah S H. Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment:A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions[J].Environment International,2017,102:165-176.
[29] Mathalon A, Hill P. Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor,Nova Scotia[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):69-79.
[30] Cai M G,He H X,Liu M Y,et al. Lost but can't be neglected:huge quantities of small microplastics hide in the south China sea[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,633:1206-1216.
[31] Hidalgo-Ruz V,Gutow L,Thompson R C,et al. Microplastics in the marine environment:a review of the methods used for identification and quantification[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(6):3060-3075.
[32] Dekiff J H,Remy D,Klasmeier J,et al. Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in sediments from Norderney[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,186:248-256.
[33] Abayomi O A,Range P,Al-Ghouti M A,et al. Microplastics in coastal environments of the Arabian Gulf[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,124(1):181-188.
[34] Duis K,Coors A. Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment:sources(with a specific focus on personal care products),fate and effects[J]. Environmental Sciences Europe,2016,28(1):2.
[35] Imhof H K,Laforsch C,Wiesheu A C,et al. Pigments and plastic in limnetic ecosystems:a qualitative and quantitative study on microparticles of different size classes[J]. Water Research,2016,98:64-74.
[36] OMann B E,Sarau G,Holtmannsptter H,et al. Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water[J]. Water Research,2018,141:307-316.
[37] Turner A. Concentrations and migratabilities of hazardous elements in second-hand children's plastic toys[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(5):3110-3116.
[38] Zhao S Y,Zhu L X,Li D J. Characterization of small plastic debris on tourism beaches around the south China sea[J].Regional Studies in Marine Science,2015,1:55-62.
[39] Lusher A L, Mc Hugh M, Thompson R C. Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English channel[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,67(1-2):94-99.
[40] Santos R G,Andrades R,Fardim L M,et al. Marine debris ingestion and Thayer's law-The importance of plastic color[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:585-588.
[41] Veerasingam S,Saha M,Suneel V,et al. Characteristics,seasonal distribution and surface degradation features of microplastic pellets along the Goa coast, India[J].Chemosphere,2016,159:496-505.
[42] Thompson R C. Plastic debris in the marine environment:consequences and solutions[A]. In:Krause J,Nordheim H,Brger S(Eds.). Marine Nature Conservation in Europe[M].Stralsund:Federal Agency for Nature Conservation,2006. 107-116.
[43] Engler R E. The complex interaction between marine debris and toxic chemicals in the ocean[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(22):12302-12315.