热点作用背景下的洋中脊跃迁和扩展作用:印度洋盆地张开过程探讨
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摘要
在《印度洋底大地构造图》的基础上,分析了印度洋盆构造格局和洋盆演化重大事件序列,并从印度洋盆初始裂解机制、扩张中心跃迁与热点作用、洋中脊扩展作用等方面讨论了印度洋盆的张开过程,提出以下几点认识:(1)现今印度洋洋中脊可分为两个系统:东南印度洋中脊-中印度洋中脊-卡斯伯格洋脊系统(东支)和西南印度洋中脊系统(西支),前者是太平洋洋中脊扩展作用的产物,后者是太平洋-东南印度洋中脊与大西洋中脊之间构造调节的产物;(2)印度洋盆最初裂解受地幔柱垂向挤压-水平伸展作用控制,沿前寒武造山带等地壳薄弱带发育;(3)印度洋盆经历两次扩张中心的跃迁,其趋向性跃迁方向与热点相对板块的运动方向具有一致性,显示两者存在内在联系。(4)大西洋和太平洋洋中脊在印度洋交汇,于古近纪连通,末端伴随陆块持续发生碎裂化、裂解化,可称为鱼尾构造模式,表明印度洋盆衔接和调节了三大洋盆的发育和演化过程,具有全球洋盆枢纽的关键意义。
This paper is based on the compilation of the Indian Ocean Tectonic Map and the analyses of the tectonic pattern andsignificant tectonic events of Indian Ocean. Three problems are further discussed concerning the initial breakup mechanism of IndianOcean, ridge jump and hotspots, and mid-ocean ridge extension. We draw the following conclusions: 1) The Indian mid-ocean ridgescan be divided into two systems: Southeast Indian Ridge-central Indian Ridge-Carlsberg Ridge(East Branch), and Southwest IndianRidge(West Branch). The former system is the product of Pacific Ocean Ridge system extension. The latter one is the product of thetectonic adjustment of Pacific-Southeast Indian Ridge system and Atlantic Ocean ridge system. 2) The initial breakup was controlled byvertical compression-horizontal extension and developed along pre-Cambrian orogen. 3) Indian Ocean experienced two major ridgejump processes. The directions of ridge jump and hotspot movement are consistent, illustrating internal connection of the two tectonicprocesses. 4) The Atlantic and Pacific mid-ocean ridge systems joined in Indian Ocean in Paleogene. Its terminal was continuouslyfragmented. This can be called Fish-Tail Tectonics, which illustrates that Indian Ocean links up and adjusts the development of threemajor ocean basins. The Indian Ocean is therefore a key hinge of global oceanic basins.
This paper is based on the compilation of the Indian Ocean Tectonic Map and the analyses of the tectonic pattern andsignificant tectonic events of Indian Ocean. Three problems are further discussed concerning the initial breakup mechanism of IndianOcean, ridge jump and hotspots, and mid-ocean ridge extension. We draw the following conclusions: 1) The Indian mid-ocean ridgescan be divided into two systems: Southeast Indian Ridge-central Indian Ridge-Carlsberg Ridge(East Branch), and Southwest IndianRidge(West Branch). The former system is the product of Pacific Ocean Ridge system extension. The latter one is the product of thetectonic adjustment of Pacific-Southeast Indian Ridge system and Atlantic Ocean ridge system. 2) The initial breakup was controlled byvertical compression-horizontal extension and developed along pre-Cambrian orogen. 3) Indian Ocean experienced two major ridgejump processes. The directions of ridge jump and hotspot movement are consistent, illustrating internal connection of the two tectonicprocesses. 4) The Atlantic and Pacific mid-ocean ridge systems joined in Indian Ocean in Paleogene. Its terminal was continuouslyfragmented. This can be called Fish-Tail Tectonics, which illustrates that Indian Ocean links up and adjusts the development of threemajor ocean basins. The Indian Ocean is therefore a key hinge of global oceanic basins.
引文
李江海,张华添,李洪林.2015a.印度洋大地构造背景及其构造演化-印度洋底大地构造图研究进展[J].海洋学报,37(7):1-14.
李江海,李洪林,韩喜球.2015b.印度洋底大地构造图[M].北京:地质出版社:4.
张涛,林间,高金耀.2011.90 Ma以来热点与西南印度洋中脊的交互作用:海台与板内海山的形成[J].中国科学(D辑),41(6):760-772
Acharyya S K.2000.Break up of Australia-India-Madagascar block,opening of the Indian Ocean and continental accretion in Southeast Asia with special reference to the characteristics of the peri-Indian collision zones[J].Gondwana Research,3(4):425-443.
Arndt N and Weis D.2002.Oceanic plateaus as windows to the Earth’s interior:An ODP success story[J].Joedes Journal,28(1):79-84.
Buiter S J H and Torsvik T H.2013.A review of Wilson Cycle plate margins:A role for mantle plumes in continental break-up along sutures?[J].Gondwana Research,26(2):627-653.
Cande S C,Patriat P and Dyment J.2010.Motion between the Indian,Antarctic and African plates in the early Cenozoic[J].Geophysical Journal International,183(1):127-149.
Collier J S,Minshull T A,Hammond J O S,et al.2009.Factors influencing magmatism during continental breakup:New insights from a wide-angle seismic experiment across the conjugate Seychelles-Indian margins[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),114(B3).
Ebinger C.2005.Continental break-up:the East African perspective[J].Astronomy&Geophysics,46(2):2.16-2.21.
Frey F A,Coffin M F,Wallace P J,et al.2000.Origin and evolution of a submarine large igneous province:the Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge,southern Indian Ocean[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,176(1):73-89.
Hannington M,Jamieson J,Monecke T,et al.2011.Estimating the metal content of SMS deposits[C].Ottawa:OCEANS.IEEE:1-4.
Jacobs J,Bauer W and Fanning C M.2003.Late Neoproterozoic/Early Palaeozoic eventsin central Dronning Maud Land and significance for the southern extension of East African Orogen into East Antarctica[J].Precambrian Research,126:27-53.
Jokat W,Boebel T,K?nig M,et al.2003.Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),108(B9).
Kent R W,Saunders A D,Kempton P D,et al.1997.Rajmahal Basalts,Eastern India:Mantle Sources and Melt Distribution at a Volcanic Rifted Margin[J].Geophysical Monograph(AGU),Washington,DC.145-182.
McGuire A V and Bohannon R G.1989.Timing of mantle upwelling:Evidence for a passive origin for the Red Sea Rift[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),94(B2):1677-1682.
McKenzie D and Sclater J G.1971.The evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous[J].Geophysical Journal International,24(5):437-528.
Minshull T A,Lane C I,Collier J S,et al.2008.The relationship between rifting and magmatism in the northeastern Arabian Sea[J].Nature Geoscience 1:463-467.
Mukhopadhyay M and Krishna M B R.1995.Gravity anomalies and deep structure of the Ninetyeast Ridge north of the equator,eastern Indian Ocean-a hot spot trace model[J].Marine Geophysical Researches,17(2):201-216.
Müller R D,Gaina C,Roest W R,et al.2001.A recipe for microcontinent formation[J].Geology,29(3):203-206.
Müller R D,Sdrolias M,Gaina C,et al.2008.Age,spreading rates,and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(4):Q04006.
O’Neill C,Müller D and Steinberger B.2003.Geodynamic implications of moving Indian Ocean hotspots[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,215(1):151-168.
Patriat P and Segoufin J.1988.Reconstruction of the central Indian Ocean[J].Tectonophysics,155(1):211-234.
Pushcharovsky Y M.2014.Fragments of continental structures in the Indian Ocean[J].Geotectonics,48(1):1-4.
Pushcharovsky Y M.2007.Tectonic types of deepwater basins in the Indian Ocean[J].Geotectonics,41(5):355-367.
Pushcharovsky Y M.2008.Tectonic types of oceanic abyssal basins and related potentially economic fields of ferromanganese nodules[J].Geotectonics,42(4):245-257.
Ramana M V,Ramprasad T and Desa M.2001.Seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies in the Enderby Basin,East Antarctica[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,191(3):241-255.
Royer J Y,Sclater J G and Sandwell D T.1989.A preliminary tectonic fabric chart of the Indian Ocean[J].Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences,98(1):7-24.
Seton M,Müller R D,Zahirovic S,et al.2012.Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma[J].Earth-Science Reviews,113(3):212-270.
Stagg H M J,Colwel J B,Direen N G,et al.2004.Geology of the continental margin of Enderby and Mac.Robertson Lands,East Antarctica:insights from a regional data set[J].Marine Geophysical Researches,25(3-4):183-219.
Torsvik T H and Cocks L R M.2013.Gondwana from top to base in space and time[J].Gondwana Research,24(3):999-1030.
Torsvik T H,Steinberger B,Cocks L R M,et al.2008.Longitude:Linking Earth’s ancient surface to its deep interior[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,276:273-282.
Whittaker J M,Williams S E and Müller R D.2013.Revised tectonic evolution of the Eastern Indian Ocean[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,14(6):1891-1909.
李江海,李洪林,韩喜球.2015b.印度洋底大地构造图[M].北京:地质出版社:4.
张涛,林间,高金耀.2011.90 Ma以来热点与西南印度洋中脊的交互作用:海台与板内海山的形成[J].中国科学(D辑),41(6):760-772
Acharyya S K.2000.Break up of Australia-India-Madagascar block,opening of the Indian Ocean and continental accretion in Southeast Asia with special reference to the characteristics of the peri-Indian collision zones[J].Gondwana Research,3(4):425-443.
Arndt N and Weis D.2002.Oceanic plateaus as windows to the Earth’s interior:An ODP success story[J].Joedes Journal,28(1):79-84.
Buiter S J H and Torsvik T H.2013.A review of Wilson Cycle plate margins:A role for mantle plumes in continental break-up along sutures?[J].Gondwana Research,26(2):627-653.
Cande S C,Patriat P and Dyment J.2010.Motion between the Indian,Antarctic and African plates in the early Cenozoic[J].Geophysical Journal International,183(1):127-149.
Collier J S,Minshull T A,Hammond J O S,et al.2009.Factors influencing magmatism during continental breakup:New insights from a wide-angle seismic experiment across the conjugate Seychelles-Indian margins[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),114(B3).
Ebinger C.2005.Continental break-up:the East African perspective[J].Astronomy&Geophysics,46(2):2.16-2.21.
Frey F A,Coffin M F,Wallace P J,et al.2000.Origin and evolution of a submarine large igneous province:the Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge,southern Indian Ocean[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,176(1):73-89.
Hannington M,Jamieson J,Monecke T,et al.2011.Estimating the metal content of SMS deposits[C].Ottawa:OCEANS.IEEE:1-4.
Jacobs J,Bauer W and Fanning C M.2003.Late Neoproterozoic/Early Palaeozoic eventsin central Dronning Maud Land and significance for the southern extension of East African Orogen into East Antarctica[J].Precambrian Research,126:27-53.
Jokat W,Boebel T,K?nig M,et al.2003.Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),108(B9).
Kent R W,Saunders A D,Kempton P D,et al.1997.Rajmahal Basalts,Eastern India:Mantle Sources and Melt Distribution at a Volcanic Rifted Margin[J].Geophysical Monograph(AGU),Washington,DC.145-182.
McGuire A V and Bohannon R G.1989.Timing of mantle upwelling:Evidence for a passive origin for the Red Sea Rift[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),94(B2):1677-1682.
McKenzie D and Sclater J G.1971.The evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous[J].Geophysical Journal International,24(5):437-528.
Minshull T A,Lane C I,Collier J S,et al.2008.The relationship between rifting and magmatism in the northeastern Arabian Sea[J].Nature Geoscience 1:463-467.
Mukhopadhyay M and Krishna M B R.1995.Gravity anomalies and deep structure of the Ninetyeast Ridge north of the equator,eastern Indian Ocean-a hot spot trace model[J].Marine Geophysical Researches,17(2):201-216.
Müller R D,Gaina C,Roest W R,et al.2001.A recipe for microcontinent formation[J].Geology,29(3):203-206.
Müller R D,Sdrolias M,Gaina C,et al.2008.Age,spreading rates,and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(4):Q04006.
O’Neill C,Müller D and Steinberger B.2003.Geodynamic implications of moving Indian Ocean hotspots[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,215(1):151-168.
Patriat P and Segoufin J.1988.Reconstruction of the central Indian Ocean[J].Tectonophysics,155(1):211-234.
Pushcharovsky Y M.2014.Fragments of continental structures in the Indian Ocean[J].Geotectonics,48(1):1-4.
Pushcharovsky Y M.2007.Tectonic types of deepwater basins in the Indian Ocean[J].Geotectonics,41(5):355-367.
Pushcharovsky Y M.2008.Tectonic types of oceanic abyssal basins and related potentially economic fields of ferromanganese nodules[J].Geotectonics,42(4):245-257.
Ramana M V,Ramprasad T and Desa M.2001.Seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies in the Enderby Basin,East Antarctica[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,191(3):241-255.
Royer J Y,Sclater J G and Sandwell D T.1989.A preliminary tectonic fabric chart of the Indian Ocean[J].Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences,98(1):7-24.
Seton M,Müller R D,Zahirovic S,et al.2012.Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma[J].Earth-Science Reviews,113(3):212-270.
Stagg H M J,Colwel J B,Direen N G,et al.2004.Geology of the continental margin of Enderby and Mac.Robertson Lands,East Antarctica:insights from a regional data set[J].Marine Geophysical Researches,25(3-4):183-219.
Torsvik T H and Cocks L R M.2013.Gondwana from top to base in space and time[J].Gondwana Research,24(3):999-1030.
Torsvik T H,Steinberger B,Cocks L R M,et al.2008.Longitude:Linking Earth’s ancient surface to its deep interior[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,276:273-282.
Whittaker J M,Williams S E and Müller R D.2013.Revised tectonic evolution of the Eastern Indian Ocean[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,14(6):1891-1909.