合同风险分担条款对承包人公平感知的影响——基于多元参照点的实验研究
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摘要
合同风险分担条款是影响承包人公平感知的重要参照点,合理的风险分担条款能够提升承包人公平感知。在契约参照点理论范式指导下,将风险分担机制划分为风险责任、风险补偿两个维度,采用情境实验的方法,揭示多元参照点体系下,合同风险分担具体条款对承包人公平感知的影响机理。研究结果显示:风险分担条款的合理性与承包人公平感知之间存在显著的正相关关系;风险责任条款与承包人公平感知的关系不受社会参照点的影响,但是当行业平均利润水平较高时,风险补偿条款会进一步强化承包人公平感知;风险责任、风险补偿条款与承包人公平感知的关系受承包人当前财务状况参照点的调节作用,其中处于亏损状态的承包人对条款的合理性变化非常敏感。
Contract risk sharing clause has been identified as an important reference point affecting the contractor's fairness perception, and a reasonable risk sharing clause can improve the contractor's fairness perception. Under the guidance of the contract reference point theory, the method of situational experiment was used to reveal the influence mechanism of contract risk sharing on the contractor's fairness perception under the multi-reference point system. The results show that reasonable risk sharing can significantly improve the contractor's fairness perception. The relationship between the risk liability clause and the contractor's fair perception is not affected by the social reference point. When the average profit level of the industry is higher, the reasonable risk compensation clause will further strengthen the contractor's fairness perception. The contractor's current financial situation has a significant regulating effect on the risk sharing and the contractor's fairness perception. The lossmaking contractor is sensitive to the changes in the terms.
Contract risk sharing clause has been identified as an important reference point affecting the contractor's fairness perception, and a reasonable risk sharing clause can improve the contractor's fairness perception. Under the guidance of the contract reference point theory, the method of situational experiment was used to reveal the influence mechanism of contract risk sharing on the contractor's fairness perception under the multi-reference point system. The results show that reasonable risk sharing can significantly improve the contractor's fairness perception. The relationship between the risk liability clause and the contractor's fair perception is not affected by the social reference point. When the average profit level of the industry is higher, the reasonable risk compensation clause will further strengthen the contractor's fairness perception. The contractor's current financial situation has a significant regulating effect on the risk sharing and the contractor's fairness perception. The lossmaking contractor is sensitive to the changes in the terms.
引文
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[11]KOOP G J,JOHNSON J G.The use of multiple reference points in risky decision making[J].Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,2012,25(1):49-62.
[12]LUO Y.The Independent and interactive roles of procedural,distributive,and interactional justice in strategic alliances[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(3):644-664.
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[14]徐细雄,谭瑾.高管薪酬契约、参照点效应及其治理效果:基于行为经济学的理论解释与经验证据[J].南开管理评论,2014,17(4):36-45.
[15]史会斌.战略联盟中公平的概念、形成和作用研究评述[J].科学与管理,2010,30(1):16-19.
[16]COHENCHARASH Y,SPECTOR P E.The role of justice in organizations:a meta-analysis[J].Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,2001,86(2):278-321.
[17]YILMAZ C,SEZEN B,KABADAY E T.Supplier fairness as a mediating factor in the supplier performance-reseller satisfaction relationship[J].Journal of Business Research,2004,57(8):854-863.
[18]徐富明,史燕伟,李欧,等.民众收入不公平感的机制与对策---基于参照依赖和损失规避双视角[J].心理科学进展,2016,24(5):665-675.
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[21]PEARSON S P S.Project governance:case studies on financial incentives[J].Building Research&Information,2006,34(6):534-545.
[22]COHN A,FEHR E,GOETTE L.Fair wages and effort provision:combining evidence from a choice experiment and a field experiment[J].Management Science,2015,61(8):1777-1794.
[23]蒋士成,费方域.从事前效率问题到事后效率问题---不完全合同理论的几类经典模型比较[J].经济研究,2008(8):145-156.
[24]KAHNEMAN D,TVERSKY A.Prospect theory:an analysis of decision under risk.[J].Econometrica,1979,47(2):263-291.
[25]徐细雄.参照点契约理论:不完全契约理论的行为与实验拓展[J].外国经济与管理,2012,34(11):52-60.
[26]POPPO L,ZHOU K Z,RHU S.Alternative origins to interorganizational trust:an interdependence perspective on the shadow of the past and the shadow of the future[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2007,19(1):39-55.
[27]李真,孟庆峰,盛昭瀚,等.工程质量优化的承包商群体激励效率演化分析[J].中国管理科学,2012,20(3):112-121.
[28]FRANKE N,KEINZ P,KLAUSBERGER K.“Does this sound like a fair deal?”antecedents and consequences of fairness expectations in the individual’s decision to participate in firm innovation[J].Organization Science,2013,24(5):1495-1516.
[29]PECKIENE A,KOMAROVSK A,USTINOVICIUS L.Overview of risk allocation between construction parties[J].Procedia Engineering,2013,57(1):889-894.
[30]杜亚灵,闫鹏,尹贻林,等.初始信任对工程项目管理绩效的影响研究:合同柔性、合同刚性的中介作用[J].预测,2014(5):23-29.
[31]ORDONEZ L D,CONNOLLY T,COUGHLAN R.Multiple reference points in satisfaction and fairness assessment[J].Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,2000,13(3):329-344.
[32]杜亚灵,李会玲,柯洪.中国情境下工程项目中承包商公平感知量表的开发与验证[J].系统管理学报,2016(1):165-174.
[33]GARCIA S M,TOR A,SCHIFF T M.The psychology of competition:a social comparison perspective[J].Perspectives on Psychological Science A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science,2013,8(6):634.
[34]HERZ H,TAUBINSKY D.Market experience is a reference point in judgments of fairness[R/OL].[2018-05-16].http://Market ssrn.com/abstract=2297773.
[35]YATES J F,STONE E R.The risk construct[EB/OL].[2018-05-16].http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-97821-001.
[36]何贵兵,于永菊.决策过程中参照点效应研究述评[J].心理科学进展,2006,14(3):408-412.
[37]徐细雄,淦未宇,万迪昉.企业控制权动态配置的内在机理及其治理效应---实验的证据[J].经济科学,2008,30(4):87-98.
[38]HARMON D J,KIM P H,MAYER K J.Breaking the letter vs.spirit of the law:how the interpretation of contract violations76affects trust and the management of relationships[J].Strategic Management Journal,2015,36(4):497-517.
[39]LIST J.Does market experience eliminate market anomalies?the case of exogenous market experience[J].Nber Working Papers,2011,118(1):41-71.
[40]CASTILLA E J,BENARD S.The paradox of meritocracy in organizations[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2010,55(4):543-576.
[41]EDERER F,MANSO G.Is pay for performance detrimental to innovation?[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2013,59(936643):1496-1513.
[42]周浩,龙立荣.参照对象信息对分配公平感的影响:攀比效应与虚荣效应[J].华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),2015,33(2):70-76.
[43]FOX S,DAYAN K.Framing and risky choice as influenced by comparison of one’s achievements with others:the case of investment in the stock exchange[J].Journal of Business&Psychology,2004,18(3):301-321.
[44]NASIRZADEH F,KHANZADI M,REZAIE M.Dynamic modeling of the quantitative risk allocation in construction projects[J].International Journal of Project Management,2014,32(3):442-451.
[45]HILL S E,BUSS D M.Risk and relative social rank:positional concerns and risky shifts in probabilistic decision-making[J].Evolution&Human Behavior,2010,31(3):219-226.
[2]PAN X,CHEN M,HAO Z,et al.The effects of organizational justice on positive organizational behavior:evidence from a largesample survey and a situational experiment[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2018,8:1-16.
[3]HART O,MOORE J.Contracts as reference points[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics Review,2008,123(1):1-48.
[4]严玲,张祝冬,严敏,等.基于合同参照点效应的建设项目承包人公平关切点研究[J].管理学报,2017,14(10):1561-1569.
[5]杜亚灵,尹贻林.不完全契约视角下的工程项目风险分担框架研究[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),2012,18(1):65-70.
[6]LEHTIRANTA L.Risk perceptions and approaches in multi-organizations:a research review 2000-2012[J].International Journal of Project Management,2014,32(4):640-653.
[7]AJIBADE A A,FLORENCE Y Y L,GEORGE O.Structural equation modelling of organizational justice and cooperative behaviour in the construction project claims process:contractors’perspectives[J].Construction Management&Economics,2011,29(5):463-481.
[8]袁卓群,秦海英,杨汇潮.不完全契约中的决策:公平偏好及多重参照点的影响[J].世界经济,2015(8):168-192.
[9]WENNER L M.Expected prices as reference points-theory and experiments[J].European Economic Review,2015,75:60-79.
[10]LOCH C H,WU Y.Social preferences and supply chain performance:an experimental study[J].Management Science,2008,54(11):1835-1849.
[11]KOOP G J,JOHNSON J G.The use of multiple reference points in risky decision making[J].Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,2012,25(1):49-62.
[12]LUO Y.The Independent and interactive roles of procedural,distributive,and interactional justice in strategic alliances[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(3):644-664.
[13]FEHR E,HART O,ZEHNDER C.Contracts as reference points-experimental evidence[J].American Economic Review,2011,101(2):493-525.
[14]徐细雄,谭瑾.高管薪酬契约、参照点效应及其治理效果:基于行为经济学的理论解释与经验证据[J].南开管理评论,2014,17(4):36-45.
[15]史会斌.战略联盟中公平的概念、形成和作用研究评述[J].科学与管理,2010,30(1):16-19.
[16]COHENCHARASH Y,SPECTOR P E.The role of justice in organizations:a meta-analysis[J].Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,2001,86(2):278-321.
[17]YILMAZ C,SEZEN B,KABADAY E T.Supplier fairness as a mediating factor in the supplier performance-reseller satisfaction relationship[J].Journal of Business Research,2004,57(8):854-863.
[18]徐富明,史燕伟,李欧,等.民众收入不公平感的机制与对策---基于参照依赖和损失规避双视角[J].心理科学进展,2016,24(5):665-675.
[19]WANG X T,JOHNSON J G.A tri-reference point theory of decision making under risk[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,2012,141(4):743-56.
[20]谢晓非,陆静怡.风险决策中的双参照点效应[J].心理科学进展,2014,22(4):571-579.
[21]PEARSON S P S.Project governance:case studies on financial incentives[J].Building Research&Information,2006,34(6):534-545.
[22]COHN A,FEHR E,GOETTE L.Fair wages and effort provision:combining evidence from a choice experiment and a field experiment[J].Management Science,2015,61(8):1777-1794.
[23]蒋士成,费方域.从事前效率问题到事后效率问题---不完全合同理论的几类经典模型比较[J].经济研究,2008(8):145-156.
[24]KAHNEMAN D,TVERSKY A.Prospect theory:an analysis of decision under risk.[J].Econometrica,1979,47(2):263-291.
[25]徐细雄.参照点契约理论:不完全契约理论的行为与实验拓展[J].外国经济与管理,2012,34(11):52-60.
[26]POPPO L,ZHOU K Z,RHU S.Alternative origins to interorganizational trust:an interdependence perspective on the shadow of the past and the shadow of the future[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2007,19(1):39-55.
[27]李真,孟庆峰,盛昭瀚,等.工程质量优化的承包商群体激励效率演化分析[J].中国管理科学,2012,20(3):112-121.
[28]FRANKE N,KEINZ P,KLAUSBERGER K.“Does this sound like a fair deal?”antecedents and consequences of fairness expectations in the individual’s decision to participate in firm innovation[J].Organization Science,2013,24(5):1495-1516.
[29]PECKIENE A,KOMAROVSK A,USTINOVICIUS L.Overview of risk allocation between construction parties[J].Procedia Engineering,2013,57(1):889-894.
[30]杜亚灵,闫鹏,尹贻林,等.初始信任对工程项目管理绩效的影响研究:合同柔性、合同刚性的中介作用[J].预测,2014(5):23-29.
[31]ORDONEZ L D,CONNOLLY T,COUGHLAN R.Multiple reference points in satisfaction and fairness assessment[J].Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,2000,13(3):329-344.
[32]杜亚灵,李会玲,柯洪.中国情境下工程项目中承包商公平感知量表的开发与验证[J].系统管理学报,2016(1):165-174.
[33]GARCIA S M,TOR A,SCHIFF T M.The psychology of competition:a social comparison perspective[J].Perspectives on Psychological Science A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science,2013,8(6):634.
[34]HERZ H,TAUBINSKY D.Market experience is a reference point in judgments of fairness[R/OL].[2018-05-16].http://Market ssrn.com/abstract=2297773.
[35]YATES J F,STONE E R.The risk construct[EB/OL].[2018-05-16].http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-97821-001.
[36]何贵兵,于永菊.决策过程中参照点效应研究述评[J].心理科学进展,2006,14(3):408-412.
[37]徐细雄,淦未宇,万迪昉.企业控制权动态配置的内在机理及其治理效应---实验的证据[J].经济科学,2008,30(4):87-98.
[38]HARMON D J,KIM P H,MAYER K J.Breaking the letter vs.spirit of the law:how the interpretation of contract violations76affects trust and the management of relationships[J].Strategic Management Journal,2015,36(4):497-517.
[39]LIST J.Does market experience eliminate market anomalies?the case of exogenous market experience[J].Nber Working Papers,2011,118(1):41-71.
[40]CASTILLA E J,BENARD S.The paradox of meritocracy in organizations[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2010,55(4):543-576.
[41]EDERER F,MANSO G.Is pay for performance detrimental to innovation?[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2013,59(936643):1496-1513.
[42]周浩,龙立荣.参照对象信息对分配公平感的影响:攀比效应与虚荣效应[J].华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),2015,33(2):70-76.
[43]FOX S,DAYAN K.Framing and risky choice as influenced by comparison of one’s achievements with others:the case of investment in the stock exchange[J].Journal of Business&Psychology,2004,18(3):301-321.
[44]NASIRZADEH F,KHANZADI M,REZAIE M.Dynamic modeling of the quantitative risk allocation in construction projects[J].International Journal of Project Management,2014,32(3):442-451.
[45]HILL S E,BUSS D M.Risk and relative social rank:positional concerns and risky shifts in probabilistic decision-making[J].Evolution&Human Behavior,2010,31(3):219-226.
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