2010—2016年上海城区臭氧长时间序列变化特征初探
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摘要
基于2010—2016年上海城区近地面大气臭氧(O_3)的连续在线观测数据,研究了上海城区O_3长时间序列变化规律和污染特征.结果表明,近7年来上海城区O_3污染逐渐凸显,但总体以轻度污染为主,7—8月高温炎热季节以中度污染居多.城区O_3-8 h(臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均)年均增速为3.81μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1),99%和95%分位值增速较快,分别为6.65和4.94μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1);25%、50%和75%分位值的增速在3.06～4.45μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1)之间.春季O_3浓度均值较高,年际变化小;夏季极值较高,且污染超标情况最为突出;秋季O_3浓度次于春、夏季,冬季最低;夏、秋和冬季O_3浓度总体呈上升态势.O_3日变化呈"单峰型",最大值出现在13:00左右,且峰值逐年增加,污染持续时间变长,最小值出现在早晨7:00.城区O_3"周末效应"逐渐减弱.基于KZ过滤器方法的数据分析结果表明,上海城区O_3-8 h长期变化主要受O_3-BF(O_3-8 h的基准组分)影响;O_3-SF(O_3-8 h的天气影响组分)在5—9月对O_3-8 h影响较大,其范围为-98.85～139.60μg·m~(-3).
Continuous measurements were conducted to investigate the long-term trends and characteristics of ozone from 2010 to 2016 in Shanghai urban. The results show that in the past 7 years, the pollution of ozone in the urban area of Shanghai has become more and more serious, and the main factor is mild pollution, with moderate or moderate pollution occurring in July and August. The growth rate of average annual is 3.81 μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1), the increasing rates of the O_3 concentrations for high percentiles values(99% and 95%) are 6.65 μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1) and 4.94 μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1) respectively, the growth rates of 25%, 50% and 75% were between 3.06 and 4.45 μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1). The average value of ozone concentration in spring was the higher and inter-annual changes in small; while the extreme value in summer was higher, and the pollution was the most serious in summer; ozone of autumn was lower than spring and summer, the lowest in winter; ozone showed an increasing trend in summer, autumn and winter in general. Diurnal variation of ozone was "unimodal", the maximum at 13: 00 and increased gradually, meanwhile the pollution time became longer, the minimum at 7:00. Weekend effect of ozone is gradually weakened in Shanghai. The data analysis based on the KZ filter method shows that the long-term changes of O_3-8 h(maximum 8-hour moving average of ozone days) in Shanghai urban area are mainly affected by O_3-BF(O_3-8 h Baseline Forcing); O_3-SF(O_3-8 h Synoptic Forcing) is greater impact on O_3-8 h from May to September, the range is-98.85～139.60 μg·m~(-3).
Continuous measurements were conducted to investigate the long-term trends and characteristics of ozone from 2010 to 2016 in Shanghai urban. The results show that in the past 7 years, the pollution of ozone in the urban area of Shanghai has become more and more serious, and the main factor is mild pollution, with moderate or moderate pollution occurring in July and August. The growth rate of average annual is 3.81 μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1), the increasing rates of the O_3 concentrations for high percentiles values(99% and 95%) are 6.65 μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1) and 4.94 μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1) respectively, the growth rates of 25%, 50% and 75% were between 3.06 and 4.45 μg·m~(-3)·a~(-1). The average value of ozone concentration in spring was the higher and inter-annual changes in small; while the extreme value in summer was higher, and the pollution was the most serious in summer; ozone of autumn was lower than spring and summer, the lowest in winter; ozone showed an increasing trend in summer, autumn and winter in general. Diurnal variation of ozone was "unimodal", the maximum at 13: 00 and increased gradually, meanwhile the pollution time became longer, the minimum at 7:00. Weekend effect of ozone is gradually weakened in Shanghai. The data analysis based on the KZ filter method shows that the long-term changes of O_3-8 h(maximum 8-hour moving average of ozone days) in Shanghai urban area are mainly affected by O_3-BF(O_3-8 h Baseline Forcing); O_3-SF(O_3-8 h Synoptic Forcing) is greater impact on O_3-8 h from May to September, the range is-98.85～139.60 μg·m~(-3).
引文
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Wang T,Xue L,Brimblecombe P,et al.2017.Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects[J].Science of the Total Environment,575:1582
王红丽.2015.上海市大气挥发性有机物化学消耗与臭氧生成的关系[J].环境科学,36(9):3159-3167
Wang H L,Chen C H,Wang Q,et al.2013.Chemical loss of volatile organic compounds and its impact on the source analysis through a two-year continuous measurement[J].Atmospheric Environment,80:488-498
Xu X,Lin W,Wang T,et al.2008.Long-term trend of surface ozone at a regional background station in eastern China 1991—2006: enhanced variability[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions,8(1):2595-2607
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Zhang Y,Cooper O R,Gaudel L A,et al.2016.Tropospheric ozone change from 1980 to 2010 dominated by equatorward redistribution of emissions[J].Nature Geoscience,DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2827
Zhang Y H,Su H,Zhong L J,et al.2008.Regional ozone pollution and observation-based approach for analyzing ozone-precursor relationship during the PRIDE-PRD2004 campaign[J].Atmospheric Environment, 42(25):6203-6218
Zhang Z,Zhang X,Gong D,et al.2015.Evolution of surface O3,and PM2.5,concentrations and their relationships with meteorological conditions over the last decade in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,108:67-75
Zurbenko I G.1986.The Spectral Analysis of Time Series[M].North-Holland: Elsevier
Fishman J,Grutzen P J.1978.The origin of ozone in troposphere[J].Nature,274:855-858
Gao W,Tie X,Xu J,et al.2017.Long-term trend of O3 in a mega City (Shanghai),China: Characteristics,causes,and interactions with precursors[J].Science of the Total Environment,603-604:425
Geng F,Zhao C,Tang X,et al.2007.Analysis of ozone and VOCs measured in Shanghai: A case study[J].Atmospheric Environment,41(5):989-1001
Geng F,Tie X,Xu J,et al.2008.Characterizations of ozone,NOx,and VOCs measured in Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,42(29):6873-6883
环境保护部科技标准司.2012.环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定(试行):HJ 633—2012[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社
Hogrefe C,Trivikrama Rao S,Zurbenko I G,et al.2000.interpreting the information in ozone observations and model predictions relevant to regulatory policies in the eastern United States.[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,81(9):536-544
Hogrefe C,Vempaty S,Rao S T,et al.2003.A comparison of four techniques for separating different time scales in atmospheric variables[J].Atmospheric Environment,37(3):313-325
Li J,Lu K,Lv W,et al.2014.Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011[J].Journal of Environmental Science,26(1):23-36
廖志恒,范绍佳.2015.2006—2012年珠江三角洲地区O3污染对人群健康的影响[J].中国环境科学,35(3):897-905
Lu K,Zhang Y,Su H,et al.2010.Oxidant (O3+NO2) production processes and formation regimes in Beijing[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,115(D7):29-32
Meehl G A,Stocker T F,Collins W D,et al.2007. Global Climate Projections//Solomon S,Qin D,Manning M,et al.Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis,Contribution of Working Group I to Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC on Climate Change[M].Cambridge,UK/NY,USA:Cambridge UniversityPress
Monks P S.2000.A review of the observations and origins of the spring ozone maximum[J].Atmospheric Environment,34(21):3545-3561
Qin Y.2004.Weekend/weekday differences of ozone, NOx, CO, VOCs, PM10 and the light scatter during ozone season in southern California[J].Atmospheric Environment,38(19):3069-3087
Shao M,Wang B,Lu S H,et al.2011.Effects of Beijing Olympics control measures on reducing reactive hydrocarbon species[J].Environmental Science & Technology,45(2):514-519
Tang X,Li J,Dong Z X,et al.1989.Photochemical pollution in Lanzhou,China - A case study[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,58(1):384-395
Tang G,Li X,Wang Y,et al.2009.Surface ozone trend details and interpretations in Beijing,2001—2006[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,9(22):8813-8823
Tie X,Brasseur G P,Zhao C S,et al.2006.Chemical characterization of air pollution in Eastern China and the Eastern United States[J].Atmospheric Environment,40(14):2607-2625
Tie X,Geng F,Peng L,et al.2009.Measurement and modeling of O3,variability in Shanghai,China: Application of the WRF-Chem model[J].Atmospheric Environment,43(28):4289-4302
Tie X,Geng F,Guenther A,et al.2013.Megacity impacts on regional ozone formation: observations and WRF-Chem modeling for the MIRAGE-Shanghai field campaign[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,13(11):5655-5669
Wang H X,Kiang C S,Tang X Y,et al.2005.Surface ozone: A likely threat to crops in Yangtze delta of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,39(21): 3843-3850
Wang H X,Zhou L J,Tang X Y.2006.Ozone concentrations in rural regions of the Yangtze Delta in China[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,54:255-265
Wang T,Xue L,Brimblecombe P,et al.2017.Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects[J].Science of the Total Environment,575:1582
王红丽.2015.上海市大气挥发性有机物化学消耗与臭氧生成的关系[J].环境科学,36(9):3159-3167
Wang H L,Chen C H,Wang Q,et al.2013.Chemical loss of volatile organic compounds and its impact on the source analysis through a two-year continuous measurement[J].Atmospheric Environment,80:488-498
Xu X,Lin W,Wang T,et al.2008.Long-term trend of surface ozone at a regional background station in eastern China 1991—2006: enhanced variability[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions,8(1):2595-2607
严茹莎,李莉,安静宇,等.2016.上海市夏季臭氧生成与其前体物控制模拟研究[J].环境污染与防治,38(1):30-35
Zhang Y,Cooper O R,Gaudel L A,et al.2016.Tropospheric ozone change from 1980 to 2010 dominated by equatorward redistribution of emissions[J].Nature Geoscience,DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2827
Zhang Y H,Su H,Zhong L J,et al.2008.Regional ozone pollution and observation-based approach for analyzing ozone-precursor relationship during the PRIDE-PRD2004 campaign[J].Atmospheric Environment, 42(25):6203-6218
Zhang Z,Zhang X,Gong D,et al.2015.Evolution of surface O3,and PM2.5,concentrations and their relationships with meteorological conditions over the last decade in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,108:67-75
Zurbenko I G.1986.The Spectral Analysis of Time Series[M].North-Holland: Elsevier