焦家断裂带三维结构模型及其数值模拟:以新城金矿床控矿构造为例
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摘要
胶东是中国探明金资源量最多的地区,其中焦家金矿带已探明金资源量>1000t。金矿床(体)严格受焦家主断裂及其下盘次级断裂/裂隙系统控制,构建断裂构造控矿模式长期以来都是胶东金成矿系统理论与勘查系统实践亟待突破的关键问题。本文通过典型剖面构造-蚀变-矿化岩相填图、露头尺度构造解析、三维结构模型及有限元数值模拟,剖析典型金矿床(体)分布与不同级别、序次和型式的控矿构造的关系,初步总结焦家金矿带控矿规律,构建断裂带三维结构模型及其控矿模式,并应用有限元数值模拟取得了良好的效果。
Jiaodong peninsula is a key gold resource district in China and one of the most important gold producer area in the world, within which the Jiaojia gold belt has proven gold resources of more than 1000 tons. The ore bodies in the belt are strictly controlled by the second-order faults(fractures) in the footwall of the Jiaojia Fault Zone, therefore, ore-controlling structural model is critical for the study of gold mineralization and ore exploration in the region. Thus, we focused on typical cross sections of these gold deposits, mapped the structural-alteration-mineralization networks, analyzed the architecture of the Jiaojia Fault Zone by outcrop scale, established 3D geological model for finite element simulations. In order to reveal the rule of ore controlling structures and the mechanism of structural control on the massive gold activation and enrichment, we systematically analyzed the relationship between the distribution of gold deposits(orebodies) and the ore-controlling structures of regional, outcrop to mineral scale. The ore-controlling structural model and the numerical simulation could provide theoretical basis for the greenfield prospecting in the Jiaojia Fault zone.
Jiaodong peninsula is a key gold resource district in China and one of the most important gold producer area in the world, within which the Jiaojia gold belt has proven gold resources of more than 1000 tons. The ore bodies in the belt are strictly controlled by the second-order faults(fractures) in the footwall of the Jiaojia Fault Zone, therefore, ore-controlling structural model is critical for the study of gold mineralization and ore exploration in the region. Thus, we focused on typical cross sections of these gold deposits, mapped the structural-alteration-mineralization networks, analyzed the architecture of the Jiaojia Fault Zone by outcrop scale, established 3D geological model for finite element simulations. In order to reveal the rule of ore controlling structures and the mechanism of structural control on the massive gold activation and enrichment, we systematically analyzed the relationship between the distribution of gold deposits(orebodies) and the ore-controlling structures of regional, outcrop to mineral scale. The ore-controlling structural model and the numerical simulation could provide theoretical basis for the greenfield prospecting in the Jiaojia Fault zone.
引文
曹超,雷怀彦,翁梅洪.2008.构造应力场数值模拟在望儿山金矿中的应用.黄金,29(10):12-15.
陈光远,孙岱生,邵伟.1993.胶东郭家岭花岗闪长岩成因矿物学与金矿化.武汉:中国地质大学出版社:1-230.
陈国达.1983.成矿构造研究法.北京:地质出版社:1-413.
陈小龙.2010.胶东新城金矿控矿构造解析及分形动力学研究.西安:长安大学硕士学位论文:1-96.
陈玉民,范宏瑞,崔仑,王昭坤,孙之夫,曾庆栋,马凤山,王君亭,刘钦,孙宗锋,杨奎锋,郝天珧.2016.胶西北大规模金成矿作用与成因模式.北京:地质出版社:1-200.
邓军,徐守礼,方云,周显强,万丽.1996.胶东西北部构造体系及金成矿动力学.北京:地质出版社:1-98.
邓军,杨立强,翟裕生,孙忠实,陈学明.2000.构造?流体?成矿系统及其动力学的理论格架与方法体系.地球科学,25(1):71-78.
邓军,王庆飞,杨立强,高帮飞.2005.胶东西北部金热液成矿系统内部结构解析.地球科学,30(1):102-108.
丁正江,孙丰月,刘福来,刘建辉,彭齐鸣,纪攀,李碧乐,张丕建.2015.胶东中生代动力学演化及主要金属矿床成矿系列.岩石学报,31(10):3045-3080.
李厚民,沈远超,毛景文,刘铁兵.2002.焦家式金矿构造?流体成矿作用特征--以胶西北金城金矿床为例.大地构造与成矿学,26(4):396-403.
李瑞红,刘育,李海林,郑小礼,赵海,孙政.2014.胶东新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境:显微构造和EBSD组构约束.岩石学报,30(9):2546-2558.
李瑞红.2017.焦家金矿带构造控矿模式.北京:中国地质大学(北京)博士学位论文:1-197.
李兆龙,杨敏之.1998.胶东金矿床地质地球化学.天津:天津科学技术出版社:1-300.
刘迅.1998.地质力学在矿产资源勘查中的应用.北京:地质出版社:1-80.
卢作祥,章增凤,张亚雄.1988.山东招掖金矿带控矿断裂断面迁移规律及其意义.地球科学,13(2):9-16,117.
吕古贤,孔庆存.1993.胶东玲珑?焦家式金矿地质.北京:科学出版社:1-253.
庞绪成.2005.山东焦家金矿矿床地球化学特征及深部矿体预测研究.成都:成都理工大学博士学位论文:1-133.
宋明春,崔书学,伊丕厚,徐军祥,袁文花,姜洪利.2010.胶西北金矿集中区深部大型?超大型金矿找矿与成矿模式.北京:地质出版社:1-332.
宋明春,张军进,张丕建,杨立强,刘殿浩,丁正江,宋英昕.2015.胶东三山岛北部海域超大型金矿床的发现及其构造?岩浆背景.地质学报,89(2):365-383.
杨立强,邓军,王中亮,张良,郭林楠,宋明春,郑小礼.2014.胶东中生代金成矿系统.岩石学报,30(9):2447-2467.
姚凤良,刘连登,孔庆存,宫润谭.1990.胶东西北部脉状金矿.长春:吉林科学技术出版社:1-234.
翟裕生.1996.关于构造-流体-成矿作用研究的几个问题.地学前缘,3(3-4):230-236.
翟裕生,王建平,邓军,彭润民.2002.成矿系统与矿化网络研究.矿床地质,21(2):106-112.
周铸.2012.胶西北望儿山金矿床控矿构造应力场.北京:中国地质大学(北京)硕士学位论文:1-97.
Arghe F,Skelton A and Pitcairn I.2011.Spatial coupling between spilitization and carbonation of basaltic sills in SW Scottish Highlands:Evidence of a mineralogical control of metamorphic fluid flow.Geofluids,11(3):245-259.
Bon P D,Elburg M A and Gomez-Rivas E.2012.A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures.Journal of Structural Geology,43:33-62.
Caine J,Evans J P and Forster C B.1996.Fault zone architecture and permeability structure.Geology,24(11):1025-1028.
Chester F M and Logan J M.1986.Implications for mechanical properties of brittle faults from observations of the Punch bowl fault zone,California.Pure and Applied Geophysics,124(1):79-106.
Cox S F.2010.The application of failure mode diagrams for exploring the roles of fluid pressure and stress states in controlling styles of fracture-controlled permeability enhancement in faults and shear zones.Geofluids,10(1):217-233.
Cox S F,Braun J and Knackstedt M A.2001.Principles of structural control on permeability and fluid flow in hydrothermal systems.Reviews in Economic Geology,14:1-24.
Cox S F and Munroe S M.2016.Breccia formation by particle fluidization in fault zones:Implications for transitory,rupture-controlled fluid flow regimes in hydrothermal systems.American Journal of Science,316(3):241-278.
Faulkner D R,Jackson C A L,Lunn R J,Schlische R W,Shipton Z K,Wibberley C A J and Withjackd M O.2010.A review of recent developments concerning the structure,mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones.Journal of Structural Geology,32(11):1557-1575.
Holness M B.1997.Fluid flow paths and mechanisms of fluid infiltration in carbonates during contact metamorphism:The Beinn an Dubhaich aureole,Skye.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,15(1):59-70.
Jamtveit B and Austrheim H.2010.Metamorphism:The role of fluids.Elements,6(3):153-158.
Jefferies S P,Holdsworth R E,Wibberley C A J,Shimamoto T,Spiers C J,Niemeijer A R and Lloyd G E.2006.The nature and importance of phyllonite development in crustal-scale fault cores:An example from the median tectonic line,Japan.Journal of Structural Geology,28(2):220-235.
Jonas L,John T,King H E,Geisler T and Putnis A.2014.The role of grain boundaries and transient porosity in rocks as fluid pathways for reaction front propagation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,386(1):64-74.
Kim Y S,Peacock D C P and Sanderson D J.2004.Fault damage zones.Journal of Structural Geology,26(3):503-517.
Laurich B,Urai J L,Desbois G,Vollmer C and Nussbaum C.2014.Microstructural evolution of an incipient fault zone in Opalinus Clay:Insights from an optical and electron microscopic study of ion-beam polished samples from the Main Fault in the Mt-Terri Underground Research Laboratory.Journal of Structural Geology,67(4):107-128.
Li R H,Albert N N,Yun M H,Meng Y S and Du H.2019.Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Archean basement-hosted gold deposit in Pinglidian,Jiaodong Peninsula,Eastern China:Constraints on auriferous quartz-vein exploration.Minerals,9(62),doi:10.3390/min9010062
Lu H Z,Archambault G,Li Y and Wei J.2007.Structural geochemistry of gold mineralization in the Linglongjiaojia district,Shandong province,China.Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,26(3):215-234.
Parsons I and Lee M R.2009.Mutual replacement reactions in alkali feldspars I:Microtextures and mechanisms.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,157(5):641-661.
Passchier C W and Trouw R A J.2005.Microtectonics.Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Pirajno F.2009.Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems.Springer Netherlands:727-883.
Putnis A.2009.Mineral replacement reactions.Reviews in Mineralogy Geochemistry,70(1):87-124.
Qiu Y M,Groves D I,Mcnaughton N J,Wang L G and Zhou T H.2002.Nature,age,and tectonic setting of granitoidhosted,orogenic gold deposits of the Jiaodong peninsula,eastern north China craton,China.Mineralium Deposita,37(3):283-305.
Sibson R H.1977.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.Journal of the Geological Society,133(3):191-213.
Sibson R H.1998.Brittle failure mode plots for compressional and extensional tectonic regimes.Journal of Structural Geology,20(5):655-660.
Sibson R H.2013.Stress switching in subduction forearcs:Implications for overpressure containment and strength cycling on megathrusts.Tectonophysics,600(4):142-152.
Skelton A.2011.Flux rate for water and carbon during greenschist facies metamorphism.Geology,39(1):43-46.
Wang L G,Qiu Y M,Mc Naughton N J,Groves D I,Luo Z K,Huang J Z,Miao L C and Liu Y K.1998.Constraints on crustal evolution and gold metallogeny in the Northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula,China,from SHRIMPU-Pb zircon studies of granitoids.Ore Geology Reviews,13(1):275-291.
Wang Z L,Yang L Q,Deng J,Santosh M,Zhang H F,Liu Y,Li R H,Huang T,Zheng X L and Zhao H.2014.Gold-hosting high Ba-Sr granitoids in the Xincheng gold deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula,East China:Petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,95:274-299.
Wibberley C A J,Yielding G and Toro G D.2008.Recent advances in the understanding of fault zone internal structure:A review.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,299(2):5-33.
Yang L Q,Deng J,Wang Z L,Goldfarb R J,Yuan W M,Weinberg F R and Zhang R Z.2016b.Thermochronologic constraints on evolution of the Linglong metamorphic core complex and implications for gold mineralization:A case study from the Xiadian gold deposit,Jiaodong peninsula,eastern China.Ore Geology Reviews,72:165-178.
Yang L Q,Deng J,Wang Z L,Guo L N,Li R H,Groves D I,Danyushevsky L V,Zhang C,Zheng X L and Zhao H.2016a.Relationships between gold and pyrite at the Xincheng gold deposit,Jiaodong peninsula,China:Implications for gold source and deposition in a brittle epizonal environment.Economic Geology,111(1):105-126.
Zhang Y,Dong S and Shi W.2003.Cretaceous deformation history of the Tan-Lu fault zone in Shandong province,eastern China.Tectonophysics,363(3):243-258.
Zhang Y,Schaubs P M,Zhao C,Ord A,Hobbs B E and Barnicoat A C.2008.Fault-related dilation,permeability enhancement,fluid flow and mineral precipitation patterns:Numerical models.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,299(1):239-255.
陈光远,孙岱生,邵伟.1993.胶东郭家岭花岗闪长岩成因矿物学与金矿化.武汉:中国地质大学出版社:1-230.
陈国达.1983.成矿构造研究法.北京:地质出版社:1-413.
陈小龙.2010.胶东新城金矿控矿构造解析及分形动力学研究.西安:长安大学硕士学位论文:1-96.
陈玉民,范宏瑞,崔仑,王昭坤,孙之夫,曾庆栋,马凤山,王君亭,刘钦,孙宗锋,杨奎锋,郝天珧.2016.胶西北大规模金成矿作用与成因模式.北京:地质出版社:1-200.
邓军,徐守礼,方云,周显强,万丽.1996.胶东西北部构造体系及金成矿动力学.北京:地质出版社:1-98.
邓军,杨立强,翟裕生,孙忠实,陈学明.2000.构造?流体?成矿系统及其动力学的理论格架与方法体系.地球科学,25(1):71-78.
邓军,王庆飞,杨立强,高帮飞.2005.胶东西北部金热液成矿系统内部结构解析.地球科学,30(1):102-108.
丁正江,孙丰月,刘福来,刘建辉,彭齐鸣,纪攀,李碧乐,张丕建.2015.胶东中生代动力学演化及主要金属矿床成矿系列.岩石学报,31(10):3045-3080.
李厚民,沈远超,毛景文,刘铁兵.2002.焦家式金矿构造?流体成矿作用特征--以胶西北金城金矿床为例.大地构造与成矿学,26(4):396-403.
李瑞红,刘育,李海林,郑小礼,赵海,孙政.2014.胶东新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境:显微构造和EBSD组构约束.岩石学报,30(9):2546-2558.
李瑞红.2017.焦家金矿带构造控矿模式.北京:中国地质大学(北京)博士学位论文:1-197.
李兆龙,杨敏之.1998.胶东金矿床地质地球化学.天津:天津科学技术出版社:1-300.
刘迅.1998.地质力学在矿产资源勘查中的应用.北京:地质出版社:1-80.
卢作祥,章增凤,张亚雄.1988.山东招掖金矿带控矿断裂断面迁移规律及其意义.地球科学,13(2):9-16,117.
吕古贤,孔庆存.1993.胶东玲珑?焦家式金矿地质.北京:科学出版社:1-253.
庞绪成.2005.山东焦家金矿矿床地球化学特征及深部矿体预测研究.成都:成都理工大学博士学位论文:1-133.
宋明春,崔书学,伊丕厚,徐军祥,袁文花,姜洪利.2010.胶西北金矿集中区深部大型?超大型金矿找矿与成矿模式.北京:地质出版社:1-332.
宋明春,张军进,张丕建,杨立强,刘殿浩,丁正江,宋英昕.2015.胶东三山岛北部海域超大型金矿床的发现及其构造?岩浆背景.地质学报,89(2):365-383.
杨立强,邓军,王中亮,张良,郭林楠,宋明春,郑小礼.2014.胶东中生代金成矿系统.岩石学报,30(9):2447-2467.
姚凤良,刘连登,孔庆存,宫润谭.1990.胶东西北部脉状金矿.长春:吉林科学技术出版社:1-234.
翟裕生.1996.关于构造-流体-成矿作用研究的几个问题.地学前缘,3(3-4):230-236.
翟裕生,王建平,邓军,彭润民.2002.成矿系统与矿化网络研究.矿床地质,21(2):106-112.
周铸.2012.胶西北望儿山金矿床控矿构造应力场.北京:中国地质大学(北京)硕士学位论文:1-97.
Arghe F,Skelton A and Pitcairn I.2011.Spatial coupling between spilitization and carbonation of basaltic sills in SW Scottish Highlands:Evidence of a mineralogical control of metamorphic fluid flow.Geofluids,11(3):245-259.
Bon P D,Elburg M A and Gomez-Rivas E.2012.A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures.Journal of Structural Geology,43:33-62.
Caine J,Evans J P and Forster C B.1996.Fault zone architecture and permeability structure.Geology,24(11):1025-1028.
Chester F M and Logan J M.1986.Implications for mechanical properties of brittle faults from observations of the Punch bowl fault zone,California.Pure and Applied Geophysics,124(1):79-106.
Cox S F.2010.The application of failure mode diagrams for exploring the roles of fluid pressure and stress states in controlling styles of fracture-controlled permeability enhancement in faults and shear zones.Geofluids,10(1):217-233.
Cox S F,Braun J and Knackstedt M A.2001.Principles of structural control on permeability and fluid flow in hydrothermal systems.Reviews in Economic Geology,14:1-24.
Cox S F and Munroe S M.2016.Breccia formation by particle fluidization in fault zones:Implications for transitory,rupture-controlled fluid flow regimes in hydrothermal systems.American Journal of Science,316(3):241-278.
Faulkner D R,Jackson C A L,Lunn R J,Schlische R W,Shipton Z K,Wibberley C A J and Withjackd M O.2010.A review of recent developments concerning the structure,mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones.Journal of Structural Geology,32(11):1557-1575.
Holness M B.1997.Fluid flow paths and mechanisms of fluid infiltration in carbonates during contact metamorphism:The Beinn an Dubhaich aureole,Skye.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,15(1):59-70.
Jamtveit B and Austrheim H.2010.Metamorphism:The role of fluids.Elements,6(3):153-158.
Jefferies S P,Holdsworth R E,Wibberley C A J,Shimamoto T,Spiers C J,Niemeijer A R and Lloyd G E.2006.The nature and importance of phyllonite development in crustal-scale fault cores:An example from the median tectonic line,Japan.Journal of Structural Geology,28(2):220-235.
Jonas L,John T,King H E,Geisler T and Putnis A.2014.The role of grain boundaries and transient porosity in rocks as fluid pathways for reaction front propagation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,386(1):64-74.
Kim Y S,Peacock D C P and Sanderson D J.2004.Fault damage zones.Journal of Structural Geology,26(3):503-517.
Laurich B,Urai J L,Desbois G,Vollmer C and Nussbaum C.2014.Microstructural evolution of an incipient fault zone in Opalinus Clay:Insights from an optical and electron microscopic study of ion-beam polished samples from the Main Fault in the Mt-Terri Underground Research Laboratory.Journal of Structural Geology,67(4):107-128.
Li R H,Albert N N,Yun M H,Meng Y S and Du H.2019.Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Archean basement-hosted gold deposit in Pinglidian,Jiaodong Peninsula,Eastern China:Constraints on auriferous quartz-vein exploration.Minerals,9(62),doi:10.3390/min9010062
Lu H Z,Archambault G,Li Y and Wei J.2007.Structural geochemistry of gold mineralization in the Linglongjiaojia district,Shandong province,China.Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,26(3):215-234.
Parsons I and Lee M R.2009.Mutual replacement reactions in alkali feldspars I:Microtextures and mechanisms.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,157(5):641-661.
Passchier C W and Trouw R A J.2005.Microtectonics.Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Pirajno F.2009.Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems.Springer Netherlands:727-883.
Putnis A.2009.Mineral replacement reactions.Reviews in Mineralogy Geochemistry,70(1):87-124.
Qiu Y M,Groves D I,Mcnaughton N J,Wang L G and Zhou T H.2002.Nature,age,and tectonic setting of granitoidhosted,orogenic gold deposits of the Jiaodong peninsula,eastern north China craton,China.Mineralium Deposita,37(3):283-305.
Sibson R H.1977.Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.Journal of the Geological Society,133(3):191-213.
Sibson R H.1998.Brittle failure mode plots for compressional and extensional tectonic regimes.Journal of Structural Geology,20(5):655-660.
Sibson R H.2013.Stress switching in subduction forearcs:Implications for overpressure containment and strength cycling on megathrusts.Tectonophysics,600(4):142-152.
Skelton A.2011.Flux rate for water and carbon during greenschist facies metamorphism.Geology,39(1):43-46.
Wang L G,Qiu Y M,Mc Naughton N J,Groves D I,Luo Z K,Huang J Z,Miao L C and Liu Y K.1998.Constraints on crustal evolution and gold metallogeny in the Northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula,China,from SHRIMPU-Pb zircon studies of granitoids.Ore Geology Reviews,13(1):275-291.
Wang Z L,Yang L Q,Deng J,Santosh M,Zhang H F,Liu Y,Li R H,Huang T,Zheng X L and Zhao H.2014.Gold-hosting high Ba-Sr granitoids in the Xincheng gold deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula,East China:Petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,95:274-299.
Wibberley C A J,Yielding G and Toro G D.2008.Recent advances in the understanding of fault zone internal structure:A review.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,299(2):5-33.
Yang L Q,Deng J,Wang Z L,Goldfarb R J,Yuan W M,Weinberg F R and Zhang R Z.2016b.Thermochronologic constraints on evolution of the Linglong metamorphic core complex and implications for gold mineralization:A case study from the Xiadian gold deposit,Jiaodong peninsula,eastern China.Ore Geology Reviews,72:165-178.
Yang L Q,Deng J,Wang Z L,Guo L N,Li R H,Groves D I,Danyushevsky L V,Zhang C,Zheng X L and Zhao H.2016a.Relationships between gold and pyrite at the Xincheng gold deposit,Jiaodong peninsula,China:Implications for gold source and deposition in a brittle epizonal environment.Economic Geology,111(1):105-126.
Zhang Y,Dong S and Shi W.2003.Cretaceous deformation history of the Tan-Lu fault zone in Shandong province,eastern China.Tectonophysics,363(3):243-258.
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