辫状河三角洲沉积特征及成因差异——以珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷恩平组为例
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摘要
基于岩心、测井和三维地震资料,研究了珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷始新统恩平组辫状河三角洲类型、沉积特征和演化规律。钻井、测井曲线和地震反射终止关系研究表明,陆丰凹陷恩平组可划分为4个三级层序(自下而上分别为ESQ1、ESQ2、ESQ3和ESQ4),发育了S型前积、斜交前积、叠瓦前积和隐性前积4类辫状河三角洲体系,其具体特征如下:①S型前积型三角洲具有典型的顶积层、前积层和底积层三层结构,岩性以粗砂岩—细砂岩为主,含砂率为35%～65%,地震地貌响应表现为面积小于100km~2的朵叶状,主要发育于ESQ1和ESQ2时期;②斜交前积型三角洲仅包括前积层和底积层两层结构,岩性以砾岩和粗砂岩为主(偶含火山碎屑岩),含砂率为55%～75%,在地震地貌上表现为伸长状的朵叶体,面积可达200km~2,发育于ESQ1和ESQ2时期;③叠瓦前积型三角洲在地震剖面显示为低角度的叠瓦前积反射结构,岩性以粗砂岩为主,含砂率为50%～72%,地震地貌响应为面积大的朵状和树枝状(面积为250～700km~2),主要分布于ESQ3层序;④隐性前积型三角洲在地震剖面上表现为亚平行结构或不明显的叠瓦状前积,岩性为中—细砂岩夹薄层的煤层或杂色泥岩,含砂率为30%～58%,地震地貌以振幅分带的河道状为特征,展布面积可达900km~2,仅识别于ESQ4层序。从S型前积到隐性前积三角洲,湖盆水体逐渐变浅(由120～180 m到10～30 m),可容纳空间与沉积物供给比值(A/S)逐步趋近于0。研究区发育的4种类型的三角洲地震反射结构、沉积特征和地震地貌响应变化,是湖盆由鼎盛到消亡演变过程中水体变化和A/S比值的综合反映。该研究成果为陆相湖盆三角洲的沉积特征和分布演化提供了新的实例,也可为其他湖盆三角洲研究提供类比和参考。
Based on a comprehensive analysis of core,well logging and 3D seismic data,this paper studies sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the braided delta of the Eocene Enping Formation in Lufeng sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin.The relationship between bovehole log and seismic reflection termination shows that Enping Formation can be divided into four third-order sequences(ESQ1,ESQ2,ESQ3 and ESQ4 from bottom to top),where the braided delta system is developed as S-shaped foreset,oblique foreset,imbricated foreset and concealed foreset structures.The specific characteristics are as follows:(1)the S-type foreset has a typical three-layer configuration,including topset bed,foreset bed and bottom-set bed.The lithology is dominated by coarse-grained to fine-grained sandstone with the sandstone ratio of about 35%-65%,and the seismic geomorphological response presents a lobe-like shape with an area less than 100 km~2.It is mainly developed in ESQ1 and ESQ2.(2)The oblique foreset delta only consists of two layers(foreset bed and bottom-set bed),and the lithology is dominated by conglomerate and coarse-grained sandstone(occasionally with volcanic clastic rocks)with the sandstone ratio of about 55%-75%.It is shown as an elongate and lobate geometry on the seismic geomorphologic map,with an area up to 200 km~2,mainly developed during the ESQ1 and ESQ2 periods.(3)The imbricated foreset delta has a low-angle progradated foreset reflection;the lithology is dominated by coarse-grained sandstones with the sandstone ratio of about 50%-72%;the seismic geomorphological response displays a dendritic and lobate geometry,covering an area of 250-700 km~2.It is mainly distributed in the ESQ3 period.(4)Concealed foreset delta appears as a sub-parallel structure or an inconspicuous progradated foreset;the lithology is dominated by meso-fine-grained sandstone,mixed with coal and vegetated mudstones,and the sandstone ratio is 30%-58%;the seismic geomorphology is characterized by river channels zoned according to amplitudes,covering an area up to 900 km~2;it can only be detected in ESQ4 sequence.It is suggested that the depth of lake water gradually becomes shallower(from120-180 m to 10-30 m),in response to the evolution from S-shape foreset to concealed foreset,and the ratio of accommodation space versus sediment supply(A/S)is gradually approaching to 0.The four types of deltaic seismic reflection structure,sedimentary characteristics and the changing seismic geomorphological response in the study area are a comprehensive reflection of water mass change and A/Sratios of the lake basin evolved from the peak development to extinction.This study may provide a new example for the sedimentary characteristics and distribution evolution of continental braided delta,which could provide analogies and references for exploring other lake basin delta.
Based on a comprehensive analysis of core,well logging and 3D seismic data,this paper studies sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the braided delta of the Eocene Enping Formation in Lufeng sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin.The relationship between bovehole log and seismic reflection termination shows that Enping Formation can be divided into four third-order sequences(ESQ1,ESQ2,ESQ3 and ESQ4 from bottom to top),where the braided delta system is developed as S-shaped foreset,oblique foreset,imbricated foreset and concealed foreset structures.The specific characteristics are as follows:(1)the S-type foreset has a typical three-layer configuration,including topset bed,foreset bed and bottom-set bed.The lithology is dominated by coarse-grained to fine-grained sandstone with the sandstone ratio of about 35%-65%,and the seismic geomorphological response presents a lobe-like shape with an area less than 100 km~2.It is mainly developed in ESQ1 and ESQ2.(2)The oblique foreset delta only consists of two layers(foreset bed and bottom-set bed),and the lithology is dominated by conglomerate and coarse-grained sandstone(occasionally with volcanic clastic rocks)with the sandstone ratio of about 55%-75%.It is shown as an elongate and lobate geometry on the seismic geomorphologic map,with an area up to 200 km~2,mainly developed during the ESQ1 and ESQ2 periods.(3)The imbricated foreset delta has a low-angle progradated foreset reflection;the lithology is dominated by coarse-grained sandstones with the sandstone ratio of about 50%-72%;the seismic geomorphological response displays a dendritic and lobate geometry,covering an area of 250-700 km~2.It is mainly distributed in the ESQ3 period.(4)Concealed foreset delta appears as a sub-parallel structure or an inconspicuous progradated foreset;the lithology is dominated by meso-fine-grained sandstone,mixed with coal and vegetated mudstones,and the sandstone ratio is 30%-58%;the seismic geomorphology is characterized by river channels zoned according to amplitudes,covering an area up to 900 km~2;it can only be detected in ESQ4 sequence.It is suggested that the depth of lake water gradually becomes shallower(from120-180 m to 10-30 m),in response to the evolution from S-shape foreset to concealed foreset,and the ratio of accommodation space versus sediment supply(A/S)is gradually approaching to 0.The four types of deltaic seismic reflection structure,sedimentary characteristics and the changing seismic geomorphological response in the study area are a comprehensive reflection of water mass change and A/Sratios of the lake basin evolved from the peak development to extinction.This study may provide a new example for the sedimentary characteristics and distribution evolution of continental braided delta,which could provide analogies and references for exploring other lake basin delta.
引文
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[2]蒲仁海.前积反射的地质解释[J].石油地球物理勘探,1994,29(4):490-497.PU Renhai.Geological interpretation of progradational reflections[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1994,29(4):490-497.
[3]POSTMA G.An analysis of the variation in delta architecture[J].Terra Nova,1990,2(2):124-130.
[4]MITCHUM,R M JR,VAIL P R,SANGREE J B.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level:part 6:stratigraphic interpretation of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences:section 2.Application of seismic reflection configuration to stratigraphic interpretation[M]∥PAYTON C E.Seismic Stratigraphy:Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.Tulsa:AAPG,1977:117-134.
[5]MCPHERSON G J,SHANMUGAM G,MOIOLA R J.Fan-deltas and braid deltas:varieties of coarse-grained deltas[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1987,99(3):331-340.
[6]OLARIU C,BHATTACHARYA J P.Terminal distributary channels and delta front architecture of river-dominated delta systems[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2006,76(2):212-233.
[7]董月霞,杨赏,陈蕾,等.渤海湾盆地辫状河三角洲沉积与深部储集层特征——以南堡凹陷南部古近系沙一段为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(4):385-392.DONG Yuexia,YANG Shang,CHEN Lei,et al.Braided river delta deposition and deep reservoir characteristics in Bohai Bay Basin:a case study of Paleogene Sha 1 Member in the south area of Nanpu sag[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(4):385-392.
[8]于兴河,王德发,郑浚茂,等.辫状河三角洲砂体特征及砂体展布模型——内蒙古岱海湖现代三角洲沉积考察[J].石油学报,1994,15(1):26-37.YU Xinghe,WANG Defa,ZHEN Junmao,et al.3-D extension models of braided deltaic sandbody in terrestrial facies:an observation on deposition of modern deltas in Daihai lake,Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,1994,15(1):26-37.
[9]冯文杰,芦凤明,吴胜和,等.断陷湖盆长轴缓坡辫状河三角洲前缘储层构型研究——以大港枣园油田枣南断块孔一段枣V油组为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2018,47(2):367-379.FENG Wenjie,LU Fengming,WU Shenghe,et al.Reservoir architecture analysis of braided delta front developed in the longaxis gentle slope of faulted basin:a case study of the fifth Zaoyuan Formation,Zaonan fault block,Zaoyuan oilfield,Dagang[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2018,47(2):367-379.
[10]ZHU Xiaomin,LI Shunli,WU Dong,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of shallow-water braided delta of the Jurassic,Junggar Basin,western China[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2017,149:591-602.
[11]曾洪流,赵贤正,朱筱敏,等.隐性前积浅水曲流河三角洲地震沉积学特征——以渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷肃宁地区为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(5):566-576.ZENG Hongliu,ZHAO Xianzheng,ZHU Xiaomin,et al.Seismic sedimentology characteristics of sub-clinoformal shallow-water meandering river delta:a case from the Suning area of Raoyang sag in Jizhong depression,Bohai Bay Basin,NE China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(5):566-576.
[12]陈诚,朱怡翔,石军辉,等.断陷湖盆浅水三角洲的形成过程与发育模式——以苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷Jake地区AG组为例[J].石油学报,2016,37(12):1508-1517.CHEN Cheng,ZHU Yixiang,SHI Junhui,et al.The forming process and development pattern of shallow water delta in fault depression lacustrian basin:a case study of AG Formation in the Jake area in Fula sag,Muglad Basin,Sudan[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(12):1508-1517.
[13]楼章华,兰翔,卢庆梅,等.地形、气候与湖面波动对浅水三角洲沉积环境的控制作用——以松辽盆地北部东区葡萄花油层为例[J].地质学报,1999,73(1):83-92.LOU Zhanghua,LAN Xiang,LU Qingmei,et al.Controls of the topography,climate and lake level fluctuation on the depositional environment of a shallow-water delta:a case study of the cretaceous Putaohua reservoir in the northern part of Songliao Basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1999,73(1):83-92.
[14]ZENG Hongliu,ZHU Xiaomin,ZHU Rukai.New insights into seismic stratigraphy of shallow-water progradational sequences:subseismic clinoforms[J].Interpretation,2013,1(1):SA35-SA51.
[15]朱筱敏,邓秀芹,刘自亮,等.大型坳陷湖盆浅水辫状河三角洲沉积特征及模式:以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组为例[J].地学前缘,2013,20(2):19-28.ZHU Xiaomin,DENG Xiuqin,LIU Ziliang,et al.Sedimentary characteristics and model of shallow braided delta in large-scale lacustrine:an example from Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(2):19-28.
[16]施和生.油气勘探“源-汇-聚”评价体系及其应用——以珠江口盆地珠一坳陷为例[J].中国海上油气,2015,27(5):1-12.SHI Hesheng.“Source-migration-accumulation”evaluation system and its application in hydrocarbon exploration:a case study of Zhu I depression in Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2015,27(5):1-12.
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