西藏亚东-谷露裂谷南段多庆错2016年4月异常干涸的构造成因
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摘要
多庆错是西藏亚东-谷露裂谷南端近SN向帕里地堑北部的北东向断陷湖,其湖水在尼泊尔大地震之后半年至一年时间(2015年11月-2016年4月)内发生了急剧干涸现象.总结已有的气象和遥感资料可排除气候和人为原因.通过遥感解译和地表调查发现,多庆错湖泊东侧边界发育有NNE向的隐伏正断层,而在干涸的湖底则出现与之平行的密集NE向张裂缝,可能构成了湖水渗流通道.进一步综合地质构造分析和区域地震活动资料认为,这次湖泊的异常干涸很可能与2015年4月尼泊尔大地震造成的喜马拉雅造山带及邻区应变调整有关,推测是喜马拉雅山前主逆冲变形带上应力-应变状态发生显著变化并引发藏南裂谷带上地壳发生局部变形的结果.最直接的原因可能是喜马拉雅主前缘逆冲断裂带上处于长期闭锁状态,已经可能接近断层破裂临界状态的不丹-锡金地震空区段的应力-应变由之前的缓慢累积变状态转为快速增加过程,致使该段及其北部亚东-谷露裂谷帕里段的上地壳发生黏弹性变形,引起帕里地堑下部发生近EW向伸展扩容,导致多庆错湖水渗流入该地堑下部含水层,从而使地表湖水在短期内出现了急剧干涸现象,而随后应变松弛导致的上地壳弹性恢复可使裂隙闭合,导致湖水恢复.如果这样,多庆错湖水异常干涸事件很可能是对该区喜马拉雅山前主逆冲断裂带不丹-锡金闭锁段大地震前应力-应变进一步增强过程的响应,这指示喜马拉雅主逆冲断裂带不丹-锡金空区段现今的地壳应力-应变累积已处于敏感或临界状态,其地震危险性研究值得重视.而且在喜马拉雅主逆冲构造带进入大地震活跃阶段的背景下,不丹-锡金空区段的应力-应变增强及其对藏南裂谷带应力触发作用可能导致的大地震危险性更值得关注和警惕.
Duoqing Co is located in the nearly south-north Pagri graben, which belongs to the southern part of Yadong-Gulu rift in Tibet. However,the water in the lake disappeared in half to one year(in the period from November, 2015 to April, 2016) after the Nepal earthquake. We think that the phenomenon was not caused by climate change and human activity based on the past meteorological and remote sensing data. And there may be buried fault with the direction of NNE at the east boundary of Duoqing Co under the remote sensing interpretation and surface investigation. We also found plenty of nearly NE extensional cracks on the dried-up lake, which may have been formed by the creep of the lake boundary fault zone.And we predicted that the water leaked from the fractured group likely. Under the investigation and tectonic analysis, we suggest that the stress of the Bhutan-Sikkim earthquake locking region located in main Himalaya thrust fault zone increased from slow to rapid causing elastic strain locally after 2015 Nepal earthquake. Therefore, the underground of Pagri graben generated nearly EW extension and expansion leading to resulting that the water flow into the water-beating stratum and lake drying up in a short time. Then, the strain relaxation and the fractures close, which caused the water recovery under the ground of rainy season of the plateau. If so, the abnormal phenomena are likely to be response to the further enhancement of stress-strain of Buhtan-Sikkim Himalayan segment. This would also imply that the crust has a sensitive or critical state and indicate that stress-strain hardening is a seismic precursor in the main Himalaya thrust fault zone before a possibly huge earthquake. Further, the abnormal phenomenon on the surface in the Bhutan-Sikkim locking region, Himalaya thrust fault zone, is worth paying attention to and being vigilant, especially against the background of the active phase of the large earthquake in the main thrust belt of Himalaya.
Duoqing Co is located in the nearly south-north Pagri graben, which belongs to the southern part of Yadong-Gulu rift in Tibet. However,the water in the lake disappeared in half to one year(in the period from November, 2015 to April, 2016) after the Nepal earthquake. We think that the phenomenon was not caused by climate change and human activity based on the past meteorological and remote sensing data. And there may be buried fault with the direction of NNE at the east boundary of Duoqing Co under the remote sensing interpretation and surface investigation. We also found plenty of nearly NE extensional cracks on the dried-up lake, which may have been formed by the creep of the lake boundary fault zone.And we predicted that the water leaked from the fractured group likely. Under the investigation and tectonic analysis, we suggest that the stress of the Bhutan-Sikkim earthquake locking region located in main Himalaya thrust fault zone increased from slow to rapid causing elastic strain locally after 2015 Nepal earthquake. Therefore, the underground of Pagri graben generated nearly EW extension and expansion leading to resulting that the water flow into the water-beating stratum and lake drying up in a short time. Then, the strain relaxation and the fractures close, which caused the water recovery under the ground of rainy season of the plateau. If so, the abnormal phenomena are likely to be response to the further enhancement of stress-strain of Buhtan-Sikkim Himalayan segment. This would also imply that the crust has a sensitive or critical state and indicate that stress-strain hardening is a seismic precursor in the main Himalaya thrust fault zone before a possibly huge earthquake. Further, the abnormal phenomenon on the surface in the Bhutan-Sikkim locking region, Himalaya thrust fault zone, is worth paying attention to and being vigilant, especially against the background of the active phase of the large earthquake in the main thrust belt of Himalaya.
引文
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Chen,Q.Z.,Freymueller,J.T.,Yang,Z.Q.,et al.,2004.Spatially Variable Ex-tension in Southern Tibet Based on GPS Measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,109(B9):1-20.https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002350
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Gyorgy,H.,Romain,Le R.,Theo Berthet,et al.,2016 Joint Approach Combining Damage and Paleoseismology Observations Constrains the 1 714 A.D. Bhutan Earthquake at Magnitude 8±0.5.Geophysical Research Letters, 43(20):10695-10702.https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL07103 3
Huang,L.Y.,Yang,S.X.,Chen,L.W.,et al.,2016.Strong Aftershocks Triggering and Stress Effect on nearby Faults Induced by Nepal Mw7.9 Earthquake in 2015 Journal of Seismological Research.39(2):187-195(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jouanne,F.,Mugnier,J.L.,Pandey,M.R.,et al., 1999.Oblique Convergence in the Himalayas of Western Nepal Deduced from Preliminary Results of GPS Measurements. Geophysical Research Letters,26(13):1933-1936.https://doi.org/10.1029/1999g1900416
La,B.,La,B.Z.M.,2011.Analysis of the Area Change of Duoqingcuo Lake from 1989 to 2009.Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research,31(2):56-58(in Chinese with English abstract).
Larson,K.M.,Burgmann,R.,Bilham,R.,et al., 1999.Kinematics of the India-Eurasia Collision Zone from GPS Measurements Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,104(B1):1077-1093.https://doi.org/10.1029/1998jb900043
Lave,J.,Avouac,J.P.,2000.Active Folding of Fluvial Terraces across the Siwaliks Hills,Himalayas of Central Nepal.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,105(B3):5735-5770.https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900292
Le Roux-Mallouf,R.,Ferry,M.,Ritz,J.F.,et al.,2016.First Paleoseismic Evidence for Great Surface-Rupturing Earthquakes in the Bhutan Himalayas.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 121(10):7271-7283.https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012733
Liu,C.,Dong,P.Y.,Shi,Y.L.,2017.Stress Change from the 2015 Mw7.8Gorkha Earthquake and Increased Hazard in the Southern Tibetan Plateau.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,267:1-8.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2017.04.002
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