基于综合物探的黄土滑坡优势通道探测
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摘要
黄土区域优势通道的发育,改变了降雨及灌溉水的径流和入渗过程,降低了土体强度,造成斜坡失稳易发崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害。针对黑方台DH2~#滑坡体及后缘,总结了优势通道的物性特征,选用优势通道非侵入式研究方法,开展了基于地球物理方法的优势通道精细化探测方法有效性研究。该研究在人为浇水漫灌干预的基础上,采用小点距的高密度电法(0.20 m)和探地雷达(0.02m)初步查明了微型裂隙(宽度为0.2～0.5cm)、滑坡后缘裂缝及滑动面等优势通道的发育展布特征,实现了黄土微小裂隙等优势通道精细刻画,证明了精细物探应用的有效性。同时,论述了在灌溉水入渗和冲蚀、黄土蠕动及滑动等综合作用下,微型裂隙逐渐发育为裂缝,进而形成滑动面的转化关系,为黄土优势入渗及滑坡研究提供研究基础。该技术在黄土地区的地裂缝、微型断裂探测等城市地质问题中具有较大的应用前景。
Regional preferential passages are developed in loess area,which have changed the runoff and infiltration process of rainfall and irrigation water,reduced the soil strength,and caused geological disasters such as slope instability and collapse and landslide.After studying the trailing edge and landslide body of DH2~# in Heifangtai,the physical characteristics of preferential passage have been summarized in this paper,and the non-invasive research method has been used to study the effectiveness of the preferential passage refinement detection method based on geophysical method.Based on the intervention of artificial watering and flooding,the high-density resistivity(0.20 m)and ground penetrating radar(0.02 m)with small distance has been used to identify the development and distribution characteristics of micro-cracks(width 0.2-0.5 m),cracks in the trailing edge of the landslide and the sliding surface.And the fine detection of preferential passage such as the micro-crack of the loess has been realized,which proves the effectiveness of fine geophysical application.At the same time,under the combined effects from the infiltration and erosion of irrigation water and the creep and sliding of loess,the micro-cracks gradually develop into cracks,which form the transformation relationship of sliding surface,and provide research basis for the loess preferential flow and landslide study.This technology has great application prospects in urban geological problems,such as ground fissures and micro-fracture detection in the loess area.
Regional preferential passages are developed in loess area,which have changed the runoff and infiltration process of rainfall and irrigation water,reduced the soil strength,and caused geological disasters such as slope instability and collapse and landslide.After studying the trailing edge and landslide body of DH2~# in Heifangtai,the physical characteristics of preferential passage have been summarized in this paper,and the non-invasive research method has been used to study the effectiveness of the preferential passage refinement detection method based on geophysical method.Based on the intervention of artificial watering and flooding,the high-density resistivity(0.20 m)and ground penetrating radar(0.02 m)with small distance has been used to identify the development and distribution characteristics of micro-cracks(width 0.2-0.5 m),cracks in the trailing edge of the landslide and the sliding surface.And the fine detection of preferential passage such as the micro-crack of the loess has been realized,which proves the effectiveness of fine geophysical application.At the same time,under the combined effects from the infiltration and erosion of irrigation water and the creep and sliding of loess,the micro-cracks gradually develop into cracks,which form the transformation relationship of sliding surface,and provide research basis for the loess preferential flow and landslide study.This technology has great application prospects in urban geological problems,such as ground fissures and micro-fracture detection in the loess area.
引文
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田中英,孙渊,唐小平,等.地球物理多方法勘探在西安地裂缝探测中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2018,15(1):92-97.TIAN Zhongying,SUN Yuan,TANG Xiaoping,et al.The Application of Multi-method Geophysical Exploration in Ground Fissure Detection of Xi'an[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2018,15(1):92-97.
张珊珊,张茂省,孙萍萍,等.面向黄土地质灾害的优势流研究[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2019,55(2):274-280.ZHANG Shanshan,ZHANG Maosheng,SUN Pingping,et al.Advances and outlooks of preferential flow study in unsaturated soils[J].Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Sciences,2019,55(2):274-280.
张先林,许强,彭大雷,等.高密度电法在黑方台地下水探测中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2017,32(4):1862-1867.ZHANG Xianlin,XU Qiang,PENG Dalei,et al.Application of high-density resistivity method to groundwater exploration in Heifangtai[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2017,32(4):1862-1867.
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李大心.探地雷达方法与应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1994:41-63.LI Daxin.Method and application of ground penetrating radar(GPR)[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1994:41-63.
薛根良.黄土地下水的补给与赋存形式探讨[J].水文地质工程地质,1995,22(1):38-39,56.XUE Genliang.Discussion on the supply and Occurrence Forms of Groundwater in Loess[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1995,22(1):38-39,56.
徐学选,陈天林.黄土土柱入渗的优先流试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):82-85.XU Xuexuan,CHEN Tianlin.Experimental study on infiltration of loess column though preferential flow[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(4):82-85.
KEITH Beven,PETER Germann.Macropores and Water Flow in Soils[J].Water Resources Research,1982,18(5):1311-1325.
KEITH Beven,PETER Germann.Macropores and water flow in soils revisited[J].Water Resources Research,2013,49(6):3071-3092.
B.E.Clothier,S.R.Green,M.Deurer.Preferential flow and transport in soil:progress and prognosis[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2008,59(1):2-13.
徐绍辉,张佳宝.土壤中优势流的几个基本问题研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1999,5(6):27-30.XU Shaohui,ZHANG Jiabao.Study on Foundational Problems on Preferential Flow in Soils[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1999,5(6):27-30.
程竹华,张佳宝,徐绍辉.黄淮海平原三种土壤中优势流现象的试验研究[J].土壤学报,1999,36(2):1-9.CHENG Zhuhua,ZHANG Jiabao,XU Shaohui.Experimental studies on preferential flow in three soils in Huanghuai-hai plain[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1999,36(2):1-9.
孙冬梅,朱岳明,张明进.非饱和带水-气二相流数值模拟研究[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(4):560-565.SUN Dongmei,ZHU Yueming,ZHANG Mingjin.Study on numerical model for water-air two-phase flow in unsaturated soil[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(4):560-565.
解河海,冯杰,冯青,等.考虑大孔隙的土壤入渗模型[J].水利水电科技进展,2011,31(5):35-38.XIE Hehai,FENG Jie,FENG Qing.et al.Infiltration model for soils considering macrospores[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2011,31(5):35-38.
冯杰,郝振纯.水及溶质在有大孔隙的土壤中运移机制研究进展[J].河海大学学报,2002,30(2):63-70.FENG Jie,HAO Zhenchun.Advances in study of water and solute transport mechanism in macroporous soil[J].Journal of Hohai University,2002,30(2):63-70.
盛丰,张仁铎,刘会海.基于分形理论的土壤优先流运动控制方程[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):52-56.SHENG Feng,ZHANG Renduo,LIU Huihai.Governing equations for modeling preferential flow in unsaturated soil based on fractal theory[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(2):52-56.
张茂省.引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制与防控技术-以黄河三峡库区甘肃黑方台移民灌区为例[J].地质通报,2013,32(6):833-839.ZHANG Maosheng.Formation mechanism as well as prevention and controlling techniques of loess geo-hazards in irrigated areas:A case study of Heifangtai immigration area in the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yellow River[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2013,32(6):833-839.
程竹华,张佳宝.土壤中优势流现象的研究进展[J].土壤,1998,30(6):315-319.CHENG Zhuhua,ZHANG Jiabao.Advances in research on dominant flow phenomena in soil[J].Soils,1998,30(6):315-319.
亓星,许强,李斌,等.甘肃黑方台黄土滑坡地表水入渗机制初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2016,24(3):418-424.QI Xing,XU Qiang,LI Bin,et al.Preliminary study on mechanism of surface water infiltration at Heifangtai loess landslides in gansu[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2016,24(3):418-424.
田中英,孙渊,唐小平,等.地球物理多方法勘探在西安地裂缝探测中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2018,15(1):92-97.TIAN Zhongying,SUN Yuan,TANG Xiaoping,et al.The Application of Multi-method Geophysical Exploration in Ground Fissure Detection of Xi'an[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2018,15(1):92-97.
张珊珊,张茂省,孙萍萍,等.面向黄土地质灾害的优势流研究[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2019,55(2):274-280.ZHANG Shanshan,ZHANG Maosheng,SUN Pingping,et al.Advances and outlooks of preferential flow study in unsaturated soils[J].Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Sciences,2019,55(2):274-280.
张先林,许强,彭大雷,等.高密度电法在黑方台地下水探测中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2017,32(4):1862-1867.ZHANG Xianlin,XU Qiang,PENG Dalei,et al.Application of high-density resistivity method to groundwater exploration in Heifangtai[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2017,32(4):1862-1867.
邓世坤,祁明松.探地雷达在滑坡和岩溶地区探测中的应用[J].地球科学,1993,18(3):329-338.DENG Shikun,QI Mingsong.Application of GPR to slide survey and image feature analyses of GPR data obtained from karst regions[J].Earth Science-Journal of China university of Geosciences,1993,18(3):329-338.
李大心.探地雷达方法与应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1994:41-63.LI Daxin.Method and application of ground penetrating radar(GPR)[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1994:41-63.
薛根良.黄土地下水的补给与赋存形式探讨[J].水文地质工程地质,1995,22(1):38-39,56.XUE Genliang.Discussion on the supply and Occurrence Forms of Groundwater in Loess[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1995,22(1):38-39,56.
徐学选,陈天林.黄土土柱入渗的优先流试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):82-85.XU Xuexuan,CHEN Tianlin.Experimental study on infiltration of loess column though preferential flow[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(4):82-85.
KEITH Beven,PETER Germann.Macropores and Water Flow in Soils[J].Water Resources Research,1982,18(5):1311-1325.
KEITH Beven,PETER Germann.Macropores and water flow in soils revisited[J].Water Resources Research,2013,49(6):3071-3092.
B.E.Clothier,S.R.Green,M.Deurer.Preferential flow and transport in soil:progress and prognosis[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2008,59(1):2-13.