高空间分辨率数字高程模型测量技术及其在活断层研究中的应用
|
摘要
首先分析了获取数字高程模型(DEM)的高分遥感立体测量、合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术、激光雷达测距技术和运动重建技术等技术手段,以及现阶段高空间分辨率数字高程模型(VHR DEM)提取技术的主要特点,实际应用中需根据研究区地形地貌特点选择合适的VHR DEM获取技术;然后,结合最新研究成果着重阐述了VHR DEM在活断层识别及几何结构分析、同震位移与累积位移获取和古地震研究等领域的最新应用;最后指出,VHR DEM由于其高精度、高空间分辨率的特点,正逐步改变传统活断层的研究方法,使得对活断层的研究进入到了前所未有的精细化水平.
Firstly,we analyzed several technologies by which to obtain DEM(digital elevation model),including the high resolution remote sensing stereo measurement,InSAR(interferometric synthetic aperture radar),LiDAR(light detection and ranging)and SfM(structure form motion),and their characteristics to extract VHR DEM(very high resolution digital elevation model).In practical application,we should consider the terrain features of the study area and choose reasonable technology to extract VHR DEM.Then,combining with the latest research results,we summarized the applications of VHR DEM in active faults identification and geometric structure analysis,co-seismic displacement and cumulative displacement as well as paleoearthquake research.VHR DEM has brought the active fault research into the unprecedented fine level with its sub-meter spatial resolution and high accuracy.
Firstly,we analyzed several technologies by which to obtain DEM(digital elevation model),including the high resolution remote sensing stereo measurement,InSAR(interferometric synthetic aperture radar),LiDAR(light detection and ranging)and SfM(structure form motion),and their characteristics to extract VHR DEM(very high resolution digital elevation model).In practical application,we should consider the terrain features of the study area and choose reasonable technology to extract VHR DEM.Then,combining with the latest research results,we summarized the applications of VHR DEM in active faults identification and geometric structure analysis,co-seismic displacement and cumulative displacement as well as paleoearthquake research.VHR DEM has brought the active fault research into the unprecedented fine level with its sub-meter spatial resolution and high accuracy.
引文
毕丽思,何宏林,徐岳仁,魏占玉,石峰.2011.基于高分辨率DEM的裂点序列提取和古地震序列的识别:以霍山山前断裂为实验区[J].地震地质,33(4):963--977.Bi L S,He H L,Xu Y R,Wei Z Y,Shi F.2011.The extraction of knickpoint series based on the high resolution DEMdata and the identification of paleo-earthquake series:A case study of the Huoshan MTS.piedmont fault[J].Seismology and Geology,33(4):963--977(in Chinese).
陈涛.2014.机载激光雷达技术在构造地貌定量化研究中的应用[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所:3--23.Chen T.2014.Application of Airborne LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging)for Quantitative Tectonic Geomorphology[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration:3--23(in Chinese).
陈晓利,周本刚,冉洪流,王明明.2010.汶川地震中擂鼓镇地区的滑坡崩塌规律及预测[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,40(6):1371--1379.Chen X L,Zhou B G,Ran H L,Wang M M.2010.Analysis and prediction of the spatial distribution of landslides triggered by Wenchuan earthquakes in Leiguzhen region[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science,40(6):1371--1379(in Chinese).
陈晓利,袁仁茂,庾露.2013.Newmark方法在芦山地震诱发滑坡分布预测研究中的应用[J].地震地质,35(3):661--670.Chen X L,Yuan R M,Yu L.2013.Applying the Newmark’s model to the assessment of earthquake-triggered landslides during the Lushan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,35(3):661--670(in Chinese).
程三友,李英杰,刘少峰.2010.基于DEM的大别山地区地貌特征研究[J].东华理工大学学报:自然科学版,33(3):270--275.Chen S Y,Li Y J,Liu S F.2010.Geomorphology features of the Dabie orogenic belt based on DEM data[J].Journal of East China Institute of Technology,33(3):270--275(in Chinese).
杜亚男,冯光财,李志伟,朱建军,彭星.2015.TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X获取高精度数字高程模型技术研究[J].地球物理学报,58(9):3089--3102.Du Y N,Feng G C,Li Z W,Zhu J J,Peng X.2015.Generation of high precision DEM from TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,58(9):3089--3102(in Chinese).
高明星,刘少峰.2008.DEM数据在青藏高原地貌研究中的应用[J].国土资源遥感,(1):59--63.Gao M X,Liu S F.2008.The application of DEM data to the study of Tibet plateau[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,(1):59--63(in Chinese).
何宏林,魏占玉,毕丽思,徐岳仁.2015.利用基岩断层面形貌定量特征识别古地震:以霍山山前断裂为例[J].地震地质,37(2):400--412.He H L,Wei Z Y,Bi L S,Xu Y R.2015.Identify paleo-earthquakes using quantitative morphology of bedrock fault surface:A case study on the Huoshan piedmont fault[J].Seismology and Geology,37(2):400--412(in Chinese).
洪顺英,申旭辉,荆凤,杜则澄.2007.基于SRTM-DEM的阿尔泰山构造地貌特征分析[J].国土资源遥感,(3):62--66.Hong S Y,Shen X H,Jing F,Du Z C.2007.An analysis of geomorphology characteristics of the Altai mountain based on DEM[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,(3):62--66(in Chinese).
胡艺.2008.基于数字高程模型的构造地貌分析[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京):20--26.Hu Y.2008.DEM-Based Tectonic Geomorphology Study in the Northeastern Margin of Tibetan Plateau[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing):20--26(in Chinese).
兰穹穹,郝雪涛,齐怀川.2015.资源三号卫星影像DEM提取与精度分析[J].遥感信息,30(3):14--18.Lan Q Q,Hao X T,Qi H C.2015.DEM extraction and precision analysis based on ZY-3remote sensing data[J].Remote Sensing Information,30(3):14--18(in Chinese).
李峰,徐锡伟,陈桂华,董绍鹏,魏占玉.2008.高精度测量方法在汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带考察中的应用[J].地震地质,30(4):1065--1075.Li F,Xu X W,Chen G H,Dong S P,Wei Z Y.2008.The application of different high-precision survey method in the investigation of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures[J].Seismology and Geology,30(4):1065--1075(in Chinese).
李清泉,李必军,陈静.2000.激光雷达测量技术及其应用研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,25(5):387--392.Li Q Q,Li B J,Chen J.2000.Research on laser range scanning and its application[J].Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping,25(5):387--392(in Chinese).
李树楷,刘彤,尤红建.2000.机载三维成像系统[J].地球信息科学学报,(1):23--27.Li S K,Liu T,You H J.2000.Airborne 3Dimaging system[J].Geo-Information Science,(1):23--27(in Chinese).
李占飞,刘静,邵延秀,张金玉,袁兆德,王鹏,唐茂云,王朋涛.2016.基于LiDAR的海原断裂松山段断错地貌分析与古地震探槽选址实例[J].地质通报,35(1):104--116.Li Z F,Liu J,Shao Y X,Zhang J Y,Yuan Z D,Wang P,Tang M Y,Wang P T.2016.Tecto-geomorphic analysis and selection of trench sites along Haiyuan fault in Songshan site based on high-resolution airbone LiDAR data[J].Geological Bulletin of China,35(1):104--116(in Chinese).
刘静,丁林,曾令森,Tapponnier P,Gaudemer Y.2006.青藏高原典型地区的地貌量化分析:兼对高原“夷平面”的讨论[J].地学前缘,13(5):285--299.Liu J,Ding L,Zeng L S,Tapponnier P,Gaudemer Y.2006.Large-scale terrain analysis of selected regions of the Tibetan plateau:Discussion on the origin of plateau planation surface[J].Earth Science Frontiers,13(5):285--299(in Chinese).
刘静,陈涛,张培震,张会平,郑文俊,任治坤,梁诗明,盛传贞,甘卫军.2013.机载激光雷达扫描揭示海原断裂带微地貌的精细结构[J].科学通报,58(1):41--45.Liu J,Chen T,Zhang P Z,Zhang H P,Zheng W J,Ren Z K,Liang S M,Sheng C Z,Gan W J.2013.Illuminating the active Haiyuan fault,China by airborne light detection and ranging[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,58(1):41--45(in Chinese).
刘经南,张小红.2003.激光扫描测高技术的发展与现状[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,28(2):132--137.Liu J N,Zhang X H.2003.Progress of airborne laser scanning altimetry[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,28(2):132--137(in Chinese).
刘甲美,高孟潭,陈鲲.2015.地形效应影响下地震动参数与斜坡稳定性的相关性研究[J].地震学报,37(5):865--874.Liu J M,Gao M T,Chen K.2015.On the correlation of ground motion parameters with slope stability incorporating topographic effects[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,37(5):865--874(in Chinese).
刘先林,段福洲,宫辉力.2007.航空摄影科技发展成就与未来展望[J].前沿科学,(3):10--14.Liu X L,Duan F Z,Gong H L.2007.Achievements and prospects of aerial photography technology[J].Frontier Science,(3):10--14(in Chinese).
马洪超,姚春静,张生德.2008.机载激光雷达在汶川地震应急响应中的若干关键问题探讨[J].遥感学报,12(6):925--932.Ma H C,Yao C J,Zhang S D.2008.Some technical issues of airborne LiDAR system applied to Wenchuan earthquake relief works[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,12(6):925--932(in Chinese).
马洪超.2011.激光雷达测量技术在地学中的若干应用[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,36(2):347--354.Ma H C.2011.Review on applications of LiDAR mapping technology to geosciences[J].Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geosciences,36(2):347--354(in Chinese).
潘红播,张过,唐新明,王霞,周平,许妙忠,李德仁.2013.资源三号测绘卫星影像产品精度分析与验证[J].测绘学报,42(5):738--744.Pan H B,Zhang G,Tang X M,Wang X,Zhou P,Xu M Z,Li D R.2013.Accuracy analysis and verification of ZY-3products[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartogrphica Sinica,42(5):738--744(in Chinese).
任治坤,陈涛,张会平,郑文俊,张培震.2014.LiDAR技术在活动构造研究中的应用[J].地质学报,88(6):1196--1207.Ren Z K,Chen T,Zhang H P,Zheng W J,Zhang P Z.2014.LiDAR survey in active tectonics studies:An introduction and overview[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,88(6):1196--1207(in Chinese).
宿星,孟兴民,王思源,魏万鸿,冯乐涛.2017.陇中黄土高原典型地区滑坡特征参数统计及发育演化机制研究:以天水市为例[J].第四纪研究,37(2):319--330.Su X,Meng X M,Wang S Y,Wei W H,Feng L T.2017.Statistics of characteristic parameters and evolutionary mechanism of landslides in typical area of Longzhong loess plateau:A case study of Tianshui city[J].Quaternary Sciences,37(2):319--330(in Chinese).
孙刚.2007.测绘卫星的发展及技术现状[J].测绘科学与工程,27(1):46--51.Sun G.2007.The development and technical status of topographic satellite[J].Geomatic Science and Engineering,27(1):46--51(in Chinses).
汤国安,李发源,刘学军.2010.数字高程模型教程[M].第2版.北京:科学出版社:3--6.Tang G A,Li F Y,Liu X J.2010.Digital Elevation Model Tutorial[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press:3--6(in Chinese).
汤国安.2014.我国数字高程模型与数字地形分析研究进展[J].地理学报,69(9):1305--1325.Tang G A.2014.Progress of DEM and digital terrain analysis in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,69(9):1305--1325(in Chinese).
唐新明,谢俊峰,张过.2012.测绘卫星技术总体发展和现状[J].航天返回与遥感,33(3):17--24.Tang X M,Xie J F,Zhang G.2012.Development and status of mapping satellite technology[J].Spacecraft Recovery and Remote Sensing,33(3):17--24(in Chinses).
王进,郭靖,王卫东,方理刚.2012.权重线性组合与逻辑回归模型在滑坡易发性区划中的应用与比较[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,43(5):1932--1939.Wang J,Guo J,Wang W D,Fang L G.2012.Application and comparison of weighted linear combination model and logistic regression model in landslide susceptibility mapping[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,43(5):1932--1939(in Chinese).
王朋涛,邵延秀,张会平,刘洪春,吴赵.2016.sUAV摄影技术在活动构造研究中的应用:以海原断裂骟马沟为例[J].第四纪研究,36(2):433--442.Wang P T,Shao Y X,Zhang H P,Liu H C,Wu Z.2016.The application of sUAV photogrammetry in active tectonics:Shanmagou site of Haiyuan fault,for example[J].Quaternary Sciences,36(2):433--442(in Chinese).
王志恒,胡卓玮,赵文吉,官辉力,邓金宪.2014.基于确定性系数概率模型的降雨型滑坡孕灾环境因子敏感性分析:以四川省低山丘陵区为例[J].灾害学,29(2):109--115.Wang Z H,Hu Z W,Zhao W J,Guan H L,Deng J X.2014.Susceptibility analysis of precipitation-induced landslide disaster-pregnant environmental factors based on the certainty factor probability model:Taking the hilly area in Sichuan as example[J].Journal of Catastrophology,29(2):109--115(in Chinese).
魏占玉,何宏林,高伟,徐锡伟,甘伟军,卫蕾华.2014.基于LiDAR数据开展活动断层填图的实验研究:以新疆独山子背斜-逆冲断裂带为例[J].地震地质,36(3):794--813.Wei Z Y,He H L,Gao W,Xu X W,Gan W J,Wei L H.2014.Experimental study on geologic mapping of active tectonics based on LiDAR data:A case of Dushanzi anticline-reverse fault zone in Xinjiang[J].Seismology and Geology,36(3):794--813(in Chinese).
魏占玉,Ramon A,何宏林,高伟.2015.基于SfM方法的高密度点云数据生成及精度分析[J].地震地质,37(2):636--648.Wei Z Y,Ramon A,He H L,Gao W.2015.Accuracy analysis of terrain point cloud acquired by“structure from motion”using aerial photos[J].Seismology and Geology,37(2):636--648(in Chinese).
许才军,何平,温扬茂,刘洋.2015.InSAR技术及应用研究进展[J].测绘地理信息,40(2):1--9.Xu C J,He P,Wen Y M,Liu Y.2015.Recent advances InSAR interferometry and its applications[J].Journal of Geomatics,40(2):1--9(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,陈剑,涂新斌,曹琰波,肖建章.2010.基于GIS的汶川地震滑坡灾害影响因子确定性系数分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,29(增刊1):2972--2981.Xu C,Dai F C,Yao X,Chen J,Tu X B,Cao Y B,Xiao J Z.2010.GIS based certainty factor analysis of landslide triggering factors in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,29(S1):2972--2981(in Chinese).
杨景春,李有利.2011.活动构造地貌学[M].北京:北京大学出版社:121--150.Yang J C,Li Y L.2011.Active Tectonic Geomorphology[M].Beijing:Peking University Press:121--150(in Chinese).
庾露,单新建,陈晓利.2014.基于综合指标法的芦山地震滑坡危险区等级快速划分[J].地震地质,36(4):1106--1115.Yu L,Shan X J,Chen X L.2014.A fast classification for Lushan earthquake-induced landslide hazard zones based on comprehensive indexes method[J].Seismology and Geology,36(4):1106--1115(in Chinese).
袁小祥,王晓青,窦爱霞,董彦芳,王龙,金鼎坚.2012.基于地面LIDAR玉树地震地表破裂的三维建模分析[J].地震地质,34(1):39--46.Yuan X X,Wang X Q,Dou A X,Dong Y F,Wang L,Jin D J.2012.Terrestrial LiDAR-based 3Dmodeling analysis of surface rupture caused by Yushu earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,34(1):39--46(in Chinese).
张会平,杨农,张岳桥,孟晖.2004.基于DEM的岷山构造带构造地貌初步研究[J].国土资源遥感,16(4):54--58.Zhang H P,Yang N,Zhang Y Q,Meng H.2004.A GIS-based research on morpho structural features of the Minshan tectonic belt[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,16(4):54--58(in Chinese).
张会平,杨农,张岳桥,孟晖.2006.岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J].第四纪研究,26(1):126--135.Zhang H P,Yang N,Zhang Y Q,Meng H.2006.Geomorphology of the Minjiang drainage system(Sichuan,China)and its structural implications[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(1):126--135(in Chinese).
张培震,李传友,毛凤英.2008.河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率[J].地震地质,30(1):43--57.Zhang P Z,Li C Y,Mao F Y.2008.Strath terrace formation and strike-slip faulting[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):43--57(in Chinese).
张小红,刘经南.2004.机载激光扫描测高数据滤波[J].测绘科学,29(6):50--53.Zhang X H,Liu J N.2004.Airborne laser scanning altimetry data filtering[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,29(6):50--53(in Chinese).
张祖勋.2007.从数字摄影测量工作站(DPW)到数字摄影测量网格(DPGrid)[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,32(7):565--571.Zhang Z X.2007.From digital photogrammetry workstation(DPW)to digital photogrammetry grid(DPGrid)[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,32(7):565--571(in Chinese).
赵洪壮,李有利,杨景春,吕红华.2009.基于DEM数据的北天山地貌形态分析[J].地理科学,29(3):445--449.Zhao H Z,Li Y L,Yang J C,LüH H.2009.Geomorphic characteristics of northern Tianshan mountains based on DEMdata[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,29(3):445--449(in Chinese).
郑文俊,雷启云,杜鹏,陈涛,任治坤,俞晶星,张宁.2015.激光雷达(LiDAR):获取高精度古地震探槽信息的一种新技术[J].地震地质,37(1):232--241.Zheng W J,Lei Q Y,Du P,Chen T,Ren Z K,Yu J X,Zhang N.2015.3-D laser scanner(LiDAR):A new technology for acquiring high precision palaeoearthquake trench information[J].Seismology and Geology,37(1):232--241(in Chinese).
周晓明.2011.机载激光雷达点云数据滤波算法的研究与应用[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学:34--121.Zhou X M.2011.ResearchandApplicationofAirborneLiDAR PointCloudDataFilters[D].Zhengzhou:The PLAInformation Engineering University:34--121(in Chinese).
朱红,刘维佳,张爱兵.2014.光学遥感立体测绘技术综述及发展趋势[J].现代雷达,36(6):6--12.Zhu H,Liu W J,Zhang A B.2014.Overview and development trend of optical remote sensing stereo mapping techniques[J].Modern Radar,36(6):6--12(in chinses).
Ackermann F.1999.Airborne laser scanning:Present status and future expectations[J].ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens,54(2/3):64--67.
Arrowsmith J R,Zielke O.2009.Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas Fault zone from high resolution topography:An example from the Cholame segment[J].Geomorphology,113(1/2):70--81.
Baltsavias E P.1999.A comparison between photogrammetry and laser scanning[J].ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens,54(2/3):83--94.
Bevis M,Hudnut K,Sanchez R,Toth C,Grejner-Brzezinska D,Kendrick E,Caccamise D,Raleigh D,Zhou H,Shan S,Shindle W,Yong A,Harvey J,Borsa A,Ayoub F,Shrestha R,Carter B,Sartori M,Phillips D,Coloma F.2005.The B4project:Scanning the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones[C]∥American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting.San Francisco,USA:American Geophysical Union:Abstract H34B-01.
Bhardwaj A,Chatterjee R S,Jain K.2013.Assimilation of DEMs generated from optical stereo and InSAR pair through data fusion[J].Sci Res,1(3):39--44.
Brown M,Lowe D G.2005.Unsupervised 3Dobject recognition and reconstruction in unordered datasets[C]∥Fifth International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling.Ottawa,Canada:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers:56--63.
Bubeck A,Wilkinson M,Roberts G P,Cowie P A,McCaffrey K J W,Phillips R,Sammonds P.2015.The tectonic geomorphology of bedrock scarps on active normal faults in the Italian Apennines mapped using combined ground penetrating radar and terrestrial laser scanning[J].Geomorphology,237:38--51.
Chen T,Zhang P Z,Liu J,Li C Y,Ren Z K,Hudnut K W.2014.Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan fault based on airborne LiDAR[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,59(20):2396--2409.
Chiba T,Suzuki Y,Hiramatsu T.2007.Digital terrain representation methods and red relief image map[J].J Jpn Cartogr Assoc,45:27--36.
Chiba T,Kaneta S I,Suzuki Y.2008.Red relief image map:New visualization method for three dimensional data[J].Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci,37(B2):1071--1076.
Cowgill E.2007.Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike-slip faulting:Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,254(3/4):239--255.
Cowgill E,Gold R D,Chen X H,Wang X F,Arrowsmith J R,Southon J.2009.Low Quaternary slip rate reconciles geodetic and geologic rates along the Altyn Tagh fault,northwestern Tibet[J].Geology,37(7):647--650.
Cowgill E,Bernardin T S,Oskin M E,Bowles C,Yklmaz M B,Kreylos O,Elliott A J,Bishop S,Gold R D,Morelan A,Bawden G W,Hamann B,Kellogg L H.2012.Interactive terrain visualization enables virtual field work during rapid scientific response to the 2010Haiti earthquake[J].Geosphere,8(4):787--804.
Deilami K,Hashim M.2011.Very high resolution optical satellites for DEM generation:A review[J].EUR J Sci Res,49(4):542--554.
Elliott A J.2014.Control of Rupture Behavior by a Restraining Double-Bend From Slip Rates on the Altyn Tagh Fault[D].California:University of California:2--4.
Fonstad M A,Dietrich J T,Courville B C,Jensen J L,Carbonneau P E.2013.Topographic structure from motion:Anew development in photogrammetric measurement[J].Earth Surf Proc Landforms,38(4):421--430.
Giaccio B,Galadini F,Sposato A,Messina P,Moro M,Zreda M,Cittadini A,Salvi S,Todero A.2003.Image processing and roughness analysis of exposed bedrock fault planes as a tool for paleoseismological analysis:Results from the Campo Felice fault(central Apennines,Italy)[J].Geomorphology,49(3/4):281--301.
Goldstein R M,Zebker H A,Werner C L.1988.Satellite radar interferometry:Two-dimensional phase unwrapping[J].Radio Science,23(4):713--720.
Graham L C.1974.Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,62(6):763--768.
Haddad D E,Ak9iz S O,Arrowsmith J R,Rhodes D D,Oldow J S,Zielke O,TokéN A,Haddad A G,Mauer J,Shilpakar P.2012.Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology[J].Geosphere,8(4):771--786.
Haugerud R A,Harding D J,Johnson S Y,Harless J L,Weaver C S,Sherrod B L.2003.High-resolution lidar topography of the Puget Lowland,Washington:A bonanza for earth science[J].GSA Today,13(6):4--10.
Hu F,Gao X M,Li G Y,Li M.2016.DEM extraction from worldview-3stereo-images and accuracy evaluation[C]∥The International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,23 ISPRSCongress.Prague:Czech Republic:327--332.
Hudnut K W,Borsa A,Glennie C,Minster J B.2002.High-resolution topography along surface rupture of the 16Octo-ber 1999Hector Mine,California,earthquake(MW7.1)from airborne laser swath mapping[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,92(4):1570--1576.
Jacobsen K,Topan H.2015.DEM generation with short base length Pleiades triplet[C]∥The International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.Munich,Germany:ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens:81--86.
James M R,Robson S.2012.Straightforward reconstruction of 3Dsurfaces and topography with a camera:Accuracy and geoscience application[J].J Geophys Res,117(F3):F03017.
Jiang H J,Zhang L,Wang Y,Liao M S.2014.Fusion of high-resolution DEMs derived from COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X InSAR datasets[J].J Geod,88(6):587--599.
Johnson K,Nissen E,Saripalli S,Arrowsmith J R,McGarey P,Scharer K,Williams P,Blisniuk K.2014.Rapid mapping of ultrafine fault zone topography with structure from motion[J].Geosphere,10(5):969--986.
Kaula W M,Schubert G,Lingenfelter R E,Sjogren W L,Wollenhaupt W R.1974.Apollo laser altimetry and inferences as to lunar structure[C]∥Proceedings of the 5th Lunar Science Conference.New York:Pergamon Press:3049--3058.
Lin Z,Kaneda H,Mukoyama S,Asada N,Chiba T.2013.Detection of subtle tectonic-geomorphic features in densely forested mountains by very high-resolution airborne LiDAR survey[J].Geomorphology,182:104--115.
Meigs A.2013.Active tectonics and the LiDAR revolution[J].Lithosphere,5(2):226--229.
Miller C L,Laflamme R A.1958.The Digital Terrain Model:Theory and Application[M].Cambridge:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Photogrammetry Laboratory:433--442.
Niethammer U,James M R,Rothmund S,Travelletti J,Joswig M.2012.UAV-based remote sensing of the Super-Sauze landslide:Evaluation and results[J].Engineering Geology,128:2--11.
Nissen E,Maruyama T,Arrowsmith J R,Elliott J R,Krishnan A K,Oskin M E,Saripalli S.2014.Coseismic fault zone deformation revealed with differential lidar:Examples from Japanese MW7intraplate earthquakes[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,405:244--256.
Oskin M E,Arrowsmith J R,Corona A H,Elliott A J,Fletcher J M,Fielding E J,Gold P O,Garcia J J G,Hudnut KW,Liu-Zeng J,Teran O J.2012.Near-field deformation from the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake revealed by differential LiDAR[J].Science,335(6069):702--705.
Rogers A E E,Ingalls R P.1969.Venus:Mapping the surface reflectivity by radar interferometry[J].Science,165(3895):797--799.
Scharer K M,Salisbury J B,Arrowsmith J R,Rockwell T K.2014.Southern San Andreas fault evaluation field activity:Approaches to measuring small geomorphic offsets:Challenges and recommendations for active fault studies[J].Seismol Res Lett,85(1):68--76.
Westoby M J,Brasington J,Glasser N F,Hambrey M J,Reynolds J M.2012.‘Structure-from-Motion’photogrammetry:A low-cost,effective tool for geoscience applications[J].Geomorphology,179:300--314.
Zhou Y,Parsons B,Elliott J R,Barisin I,Walker R T.2015a.Assessing the ability of Pleiades stereo imagery to determine height changes in earthquakes:A case study for the El Mayor-Cucapah epicentral area[J].J Geophys Res,120(12):8793--8808.
Zhou Y,Elliott J R,Parsons B,Walker R T.2015b.The 2013Balochistan earthquake:An extraordinary or completely ordinary event?[J].Geophys Res Lett,42(15):6236--6243.
Zhou Y,Walker R T,Elliott J R,Parsons B.2016.Mapping 3Dfault geometry in earthquakes using high-resolution topography:Examples from the 2010El Mayor-Cucapah(Mexico)and 2013Balochistan(Pakistan)earthquakes[J].Geophys Res Lett,43(7):3134--3142.
Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R,Ludwig L G,Ak9iz S O.2010.Slip in the 1857and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizo plain,San Andreas fault[J].Science,327(5969):1119--1122.
Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R.2012.LaDiCaoz and LiDAR imager:MATLAB GUIs for LiDAR data handling and lateral displacement measurement[J].Geosphere,8(1):206--221.
Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R,Ludwig L G,Akciz S O.2012.High-resolution topography-derived offsets along the 1857Fort Tejon earthquake rupture trace,San Andreas fault[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,102(3):1135--1154.
陈涛.2014.机载激光雷达技术在构造地貌定量化研究中的应用[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所:3--23.Chen T.2014.Application of Airborne LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging)for Quantitative Tectonic Geomorphology[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration:3--23(in Chinese).
陈晓利,周本刚,冉洪流,王明明.2010.汶川地震中擂鼓镇地区的滑坡崩塌规律及预测[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,40(6):1371--1379.Chen X L,Zhou B G,Ran H L,Wang M M.2010.Analysis and prediction of the spatial distribution of landslides triggered by Wenchuan earthquakes in Leiguzhen region[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science,40(6):1371--1379(in Chinese).
陈晓利,袁仁茂,庾露.2013.Newmark方法在芦山地震诱发滑坡分布预测研究中的应用[J].地震地质,35(3):661--670.Chen X L,Yuan R M,Yu L.2013.Applying the Newmark’s model to the assessment of earthquake-triggered landslides during the Lushan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,35(3):661--670(in Chinese).
程三友,李英杰,刘少峰.2010.基于DEM的大别山地区地貌特征研究[J].东华理工大学学报:自然科学版,33(3):270--275.Chen S Y,Li Y J,Liu S F.2010.Geomorphology features of the Dabie orogenic belt based on DEM data[J].Journal of East China Institute of Technology,33(3):270--275(in Chinese).
杜亚男,冯光财,李志伟,朱建军,彭星.2015.TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X获取高精度数字高程模型技术研究[J].地球物理学报,58(9):3089--3102.Du Y N,Feng G C,Li Z W,Zhu J J,Peng X.2015.Generation of high precision DEM from TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,58(9):3089--3102(in Chinese).
高明星,刘少峰.2008.DEM数据在青藏高原地貌研究中的应用[J].国土资源遥感,(1):59--63.Gao M X,Liu S F.2008.The application of DEM data to the study of Tibet plateau[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,(1):59--63(in Chinese).
何宏林,魏占玉,毕丽思,徐岳仁.2015.利用基岩断层面形貌定量特征识别古地震:以霍山山前断裂为例[J].地震地质,37(2):400--412.He H L,Wei Z Y,Bi L S,Xu Y R.2015.Identify paleo-earthquakes using quantitative morphology of bedrock fault surface:A case study on the Huoshan piedmont fault[J].Seismology and Geology,37(2):400--412(in Chinese).
洪顺英,申旭辉,荆凤,杜则澄.2007.基于SRTM-DEM的阿尔泰山构造地貌特征分析[J].国土资源遥感,(3):62--66.Hong S Y,Shen X H,Jing F,Du Z C.2007.An analysis of geomorphology characteristics of the Altai mountain based on DEM[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,(3):62--66(in Chinese).
胡艺.2008.基于数字高程模型的构造地貌分析[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京):20--26.Hu Y.2008.DEM-Based Tectonic Geomorphology Study in the Northeastern Margin of Tibetan Plateau[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing):20--26(in Chinese).
兰穹穹,郝雪涛,齐怀川.2015.资源三号卫星影像DEM提取与精度分析[J].遥感信息,30(3):14--18.Lan Q Q,Hao X T,Qi H C.2015.DEM extraction and precision analysis based on ZY-3remote sensing data[J].Remote Sensing Information,30(3):14--18(in Chinese).
李峰,徐锡伟,陈桂华,董绍鹏,魏占玉.2008.高精度测量方法在汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带考察中的应用[J].地震地质,30(4):1065--1075.Li F,Xu X W,Chen G H,Dong S P,Wei Z Y.2008.The application of different high-precision survey method in the investigation of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures[J].Seismology and Geology,30(4):1065--1075(in Chinese).
李清泉,李必军,陈静.2000.激光雷达测量技术及其应用研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,25(5):387--392.Li Q Q,Li B J,Chen J.2000.Research on laser range scanning and its application[J].Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping,25(5):387--392(in Chinese).
李树楷,刘彤,尤红建.2000.机载三维成像系统[J].地球信息科学学报,(1):23--27.Li S K,Liu T,You H J.2000.Airborne 3Dimaging system[J].Geo-Information Science,(1):23--27(in Chinese).
李占飞,刘静,邵延秀,张金玉,袁兆德,王鹏,唐茂云,王朋涛.2016.基于LiDAR的海原断裂松山段断错地貌分析与古地震探槽选址实例[J].地质通报,35(1):104--116.Li Z F,Liu J,Shao Y X,Zhang J Y,Yuan Z D,Wang P,Tang M Y,Wang P T.2016.Tecto-geomorphic analysis and selection of trench sites along Haiyuan fault in Songshan site based on high-resolution airbone LiDAR data[J].Geological Bulletin of China,35(1):104--116(in Chinese).
刘静,丁林,曾令森,Tapponnier P,Gaudemer Y.2006.青藏高原典型地区的地貌量化分析:兼对高原“夷平面”的讨论[J].地学前缘,13(5):285--299.Liu J,Ding L,Zeng L S,Tapponnier P,Gaudemer Y.2006.Large-scale terrain analysis of selected regions of the Tibetan plateau:Discussion on the origin of plateau planation surface[J].Earth Science Frontiers,13(5):285--299(in Chinese).
刘静,陈涛,张培震,张会平,郑文俊,任治坤,梁诗明,盛传贞,甘卫军.2013.机载激光雷达扫描揭示海原断裂带微地貌的精细结构[J].科学通报,58(1):41--45.Liu J,Chen T,Zhang P Z,Zhang H P,Zheng W J,Ren Z K,Liang S M,Sheng C Z,Gan W J.2013.Illuminating the active Haiyuan fault,China by airborne light detection and ranging[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,58(1):41--45(in Chinese).
刘经南,张小红.2003.激光扫描测高技术的发展与现状[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,28(2):132--137.Liu J N,Zhang X H.2003.Progress of airborne laser scanning altimetry[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,28(2):132--137(in Chinese).
刘甲美,高孟潭,陈鲲.2015.地形效应影响下地震动参数与斜坡稳定性的相关性研究[J].地震学报,37(5):865--874.Liu J M,Gao M T,Chen K.2015.On the correlation of ground motion parameters with slope stability incorporating topographic effects[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,37(5):865--874(in Chinese).
刘先林,段福洲,宫辉力.2007.航空摄影科技发展成就与未来展望[J].前沿科学,(3):10--14.Liu X L,Duan F Z,Gong H L.2007.Achievements and prospects of aerial photography technology[J].Frontier Science,(3):10--14(in Chinese).
马洪超,姚春静,张生德.2008.机载激光雷达在汶川地震应急响应中的若干关键问题探讨[J].遥感学报,12(6):925--932.Ma H C,Yao C J,Zhang S D.2008.Some technical issues of airborne LiDAR system applied to Wenchuan earthquake relief works[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,12(6):925--932(in Chinese).
马洪超.2011.激光雷达测量技术在地学中的若干应用[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,36(2):347--354.Ma H C.2011.Review on applications of LiDAR mapping technology to geosciences[J].Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geosciences,36(2):347--354(in Chinese).
潘红播,张过,唐新明,王霞,周平,许妙忠,李德仁.2013.资源三号测绘卫星影像产品精度分析与验证[J].测绘学报,42(5):738--744.Pan H B,Zhang G,Tang X M,Wang X,Zhou P,Xu M Z,Li D R.2013.Accuracy analysis and verification of ZY-3products[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartogrphica Sinica,42(5):738--744(in Chinese).
任治坤,陈涛,张会平,郑文俊,张培震.2014.LiDAR技术在活动构造研究中的应用[J].地质学报,88(6):1196--1207.Ren Z K,Chen T,Zhang H P,Zheng W J,Zhang P Z.2014.LiDAR survey in active tectonics studies:An introduction and overview[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,88(6):1196--1207(in Chinese).
宿星,孟兴民,王思源,魏万鸿,冯乐涛.2017.陇中黄土高原典型地区滑坡特征参数统计及发育演化机制研究:以天水市为例[J].第四纪研究,37(2):319--330.Su X,Meng X M,Wang S Y,Wei W H,Feng L T.2017.Statistics of characteristic parameters and evolutionary mechanism of landslides in typical area of Longzhong loess plateau:A case study of Tianshui city[J].Quaternary Sciences,37(2):319--330(in Chinese).
孙刚.2007.测绘卫星的发展及技术现状[J].测绘科学与工程,27(1):46--51.Sun G.2007.The development and technical status of topographic satellite[J].Geomatic Science and Engineering,27(1):46--51(in Chinses).
汤国安,李发源,刘学军.2010.数字高程模型教程[M].第2版.北京:科学出版社:3--6.Tang G A,Li F Y,Liu X J.2010.Digital Elevation Model Tutorial[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press:3--6(in Chinese).
汤国安.2014.我国数字高程模型与数字地形分析研究进展[J].地理学报,69(9):1305--1325.Tang G A.2014.Progress of DEM and digital terrain analysis in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,69(9):1305--1325(in Chinese).
唐新明,谢俊峰,张过.2012.测绘卫星技术总体发展和现状[J].航天返回与遥感,33(3):17--24.Tang X M,Xie J F,Zhang G.2012.Development and status of mapping satellite technology[J].Spacecraft Recovery and Remote Sensing,33(3):17--24(in Chinses).
王进,郭靖,王卫东,方理刚.2012.权重线性组合与逻辑回归模型在滑坡易发性区划中的应用与比较[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,43(5):1932--1939.Wang J,Guo J,Wang W D,Fang L G.2012.Application and comparison of weighted linear combination model and logistic regression model in landslide susceptibility mapping[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,43(5):1932--1939(in Chinese).
王朋涛,邵延秀,张会平,刘洪春,吴赵.2016.sUAV摄影技术在活动构造研究中的应用:以海原断裂骟马沟为例[J].第四纪研究,36(2):433--442.Wang P T,Shao Y X,Zhang H P,Liu H C,Wu Z.2016.The application of sUAV photogrammetry in active tectonics:Shanmagou site of Haiyuan fault,for example[J].Quaternary Sciences,36(2):433--442(in Chinese).
王志恒,胡卓玮,赵文吉,官辉力,邓金宪.2014.基于确定性系数概率模型的降雨型滑坡孕灾环境因子敏感性分析:以四川省低山丘陵区为例[J].灾害学,29(2):109--115.Wang Z H,Hu Z W,Zhao W J,Guan H L,Deng J X.2014.Susceptibility analysis of precipitation-induced landslide disaster-pregnant environmental factors based on the certainty factor probability model:Taking the hilly area in Sichuan as example[J].Journal of Catastrophology,29(2):109--115(in Chinese).
魏占玉,何宏林,高伟,徐锡伟,甘伟军,卫蕾华.2014.基于LiDAR数据开展活动断层填图的实验研究:以新疆独山子背斜-逆冲断裂带为例[J].地震地质,36(3):794--813.Wei Z Y,He H L,Gao W,Xu X W,Gan W J,Wei L H.2014.Experimental study on geologic mapping of active tectonics based on LiDAR data:A case of Dushanzi anticline-reverse fault zone in Xinjiang[J].Seismology and Geology,36(3):794--813(in Chinese).
魏占玉,Ramon A,何宏林,高伟.2015.基于SfM方法的高密度点云数据生成及精度分析[J].地震地质,37(2):636--648.Wei Z Y,Ramon A,He H L,Gao W.2015.Accuracy analysis of terrain point cloud acquired by“structure from motion”using aerial photos[J].Seismology and Geology,37(2):636--648(in Chinese).
许才军,何平,温扬茂,刘洋.2015.InSAR技术及应用研究进展[J].测绘地理信息,40(2):1--9.Xu C J,He P,Wen Y M,Liu Y.2015.Recent advances InSAR interferometry and its applications[J].Journal of Geomatics,40(2):1--9(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,陈剑,涂新斌,曹琰波,肖建章.2010.基于GIS的汶川地震滑坡灾害影响因子确定性系数分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,29(增刊1):2972--2981.Xu C,Dai F C,Yao X,Chen J,Tu X B,Cao Y B,Xiao J Z.2010.GIS based certainty factor analysis of landslide triggering factors in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,29(S1):2972--2981(in Chinese).
杨景春,李有利.2011.活动构造地貌学[M].北京:北京大学出版社:121--150.Yang J C,Li Y L.2011.Active Tectonic Geomorphology[M].Beijing:Peking University Press:121--150(in Chinese).
庾露,单新建,陈晓利.2014.基于综合指标法的芦山地震滑坡危险区等级快速划分[J].地震地质,36(4):1106--1115.Yu L,Shan X J,Chen X L.2014.A fast classification for Lushan earthquake-induced landslide hazard zones based on comprehensive indexes method[J].Seismology and Geology,36(4):1106--1115(in Chinese).
袁小祥,王晓青,窦爱霞,董彦芳,王龙,金鼎坚.2012.基于地面LIDAR玉树地震地表破裂的三维建模分析[J].地震地质,34(1):39--46.Yuan X X,Wang X Q,Dou A X,Dong Y F,Wang L,Jin D J.2012.Terrestrial LiDAR-based 3Dmodeling analysis of surface rupture caused by Yushu earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,34(1):39--46(in Chinese).
张会平,杨农,张岳桥,孟晖.2004.基于DEM的岷山构造带构造地貌初步研究[J].国土资源遥感,16(4):54--58.Zhang H P,Yang N,Zhang Y Q,Meng H.2004.A GIS-based research on morpho structural features of the Minshan tectonic belt[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,16(4):54--58(in Chinese).
张会平,杨农,张岳桥,孟晖.2006.岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J].第四纪研究,26(1):126--135.Zhang H P,Yang N,Zhang Y Q,Meng H.2006.Geomorphology of the Minjiang drainage system(Sichuan,China)and its structural implications[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(1):126--135(in Chinese).
张培震,李传友,毛凤英.2008.河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率[J].地震地质,30(1):43--57.Zhang P Z,Li C Y,Mao F Y.2008.Strath terrace formation and strike-slip faulting[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):43--57(in Chinese).
张小红,刘经南.2004.机载激光扫描测高数据滤波[J].测绘科学,29(6):50--53.Zhang X H,Liu J N.2004.Airborne laser scanning altimetry data filtering[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,29(6):50--53(in Chinese).
张祖勋.2007.从数字摄影测量工作站(DPW)到数字摄影测量网格(DPGrid)[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,32(7):565--571.Zhang Z X.2007.From digital photogrammetry workstation(DPW)to digital photogrammetry grid(DPGrid)[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,32(7):565--571(in Chinese).
赵洪壮,李有利,杨景春,吕红华.2009.基于DEM数据的北天山地貌形态分析[J].地理科学,29(3):445--449.Zhao H Z,Li Y L,Yang J C,LüH H.2009.Geomorphic characteristics of northern Tianshan mountains based on DEMdata[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,29(3):445--449(in Chinese).
郑文俊,雷启云,杜鹏,陈涛,任治坤,俞晶星,张宁.2015.激光雷达(LiDAR):获取高精度古地震探槽信息的一种新技术[J].地震地质,37(1):232--241.Zheng W J,Lei Q Y,Du P,Chen T,Ren Z K,Yu J X,Zhang N.2015.3-D laser scanner(LiDAR):A new technology for acquiring high precision palaeoearthquake trench information[J].Seismology and Geology,37(1):232--241(in Chinese).
周晓明.2011.机载激光雷达点云数据滤波算法的研究与应用[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学:34--121.Zhou X M.2011.ResearchandApplicationofAirborneLiDAR PointCloudDataFilters[D].Zhengzhou:The PLAInformation Engineering University:34--121(in Chinese).
朱红,刘维佳,张爱兵.2014.光学遥感立体测绘技术综述及发展趋势[J].现代雷达,36(6):6--12.Zhu H,Liu W J,Zhang A B.2014.Overview and development trend of optical remote sensing stereo mapping techniques[J].Modern Radar,36(6):6--12(in chinses).
Ackermann F.1999.Airborne laser scanning:Present status and future expectations[J].ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens,54(2/3):64--67.
Arrowsmith J R,Zielke O.2009.Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas Fault zone from high resolution topography:An example from the Cholame segment[J].Geomorphology,113(1/2):70--81.
Baltsavias E P.1999.A comparison between photogrammetry and laser scanning[J].ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens,54(2/3):83--94.
Bevis M,Hudnut K,Sanchez R,Toth C,Grejner-Brzezinska D,Kendrick E,Caccamise D,Raleigh D,Zhou H,Shan S,Shindle W,Yong A,Harvey J,Borsa A,Ayoub F,Shrestha R,Carter B,Sartori M,Phillips D,Coloma F.2005.The B4project:Scanning the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones[C]∥American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting.San Francisco,USA:American Geophysical Union:Abstract H34B-01.
Bhardwaj A,Chatterjee R S,Jain K.2013.Assimilation of DEMs generated from optical stereo and InSAR pair through data fusion[J].Sci Res,1(3):39--44.
Brown M,Lowe D G.2005.Unsupervised 3Dobject recognition and reconstruction in unordered datasets[C]∥Fifth International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling.Ottawa,Canada:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers:56--63.
Bubeck A,Wilkinson M,Roberts G P,Cowie P A,McCaffrey K J W,Phillips R,Sammonds P.2015.The tectonic geomorphology of bedrock scarps on active normal faults in the Italian Apennines mapped using combined ground penetrating radar and terrestrial laser scanning[J].Geomorphology,237:38--51.
Chen T,Zhang P Z,Liu J,Li C Y,Ren Z K,Hudnut K W.2014.Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan fault based on airborne LiDAR[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,59(20):2396--2409.
Chiba T,Suzuki Y,Hiramatsu T.2007.Digital terrain representation methods and red relief image map[J].J Jpn Cartogr Assoc,45:27--36.
Chiba T,Kaneta S I,Suzuki Y.2008.Red relief image map:New visualization method for three dimensional data[J].Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci,37(B2):1071--1076.
Cowgill E.2007.Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike-slip faulting:Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,254(3/4):239--255.
Cowgill E,Gold R D,Chen X H,Wang X F,Arrowsmith J R,Southon J.2009.Low Quaternary slip rate reconciles geodetic and geologic rates along the Altyn Tagh fault,northwestern Tibet[J].Geology,37(7):647--650.
Cowgill E,Bernardin T S,Oskin M E,Bowles C,Yklmaz M B,Kreylos O,Elliott A J,Bishop S,Gold R D,Morelan A,Bawden G W,Hamann B,Kellogg L H.2012.Interactive terrain visualization enables virtual field work during rapid scientific response to the 2010Haiti earthquake[J].Geosphere,8(4):787--804.
Deilami K,Hashim M.2011.Very high resolution optical satellites for DEM generation:A review[J].EUR J Sci Res,49(4):542--554.
Elliott A J.2014.Control of Rupture Behavior by a Restraining Double-Bend From Slip Rates on the Altyn Tagh Fault[D].California:University of California:2--4.
Fonstad M A,Dietrich J T,Courville B C,Jensen J L,Carbonneau P E.2013.Topographic structure from motion:Anew development in photogrammetric measurement[J].Earth Surf Proc Landforms,38(4):421--430.
Giaccio B,Galadini F,Sposato A,Messina P,Moro M,Zreda M,Cittadini A,Salvi S,Todero A.2003.Image processing and roughness analysis of exposed bedrock fault planes as a tool for paleoseismological analysis:Results from the Campo Felice fault(central Apennines,Italy)[J].Geomorphology,49(3/4):281--301.
Goldstein R M,Zebker H A,Werner C L.1988.Satellite radar interferometry:Two-dimensional phase unwrapping[J].Radio Science,23(4):713--720.
Graham L C.1974.Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,62(6):763--768.
Haddad D E,Ak9iz S O,Arrowsmith J R,Rhodes D D,Oldow J S,Zielke O,TokéN A,Haddad A G,Mauer J,Shilpakar P.2012.Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology[J].Geosphere,8(4):771--786.
Haugerud R A,Harding D J,Johnson S Y,Harless J L,Weaver C S,Sherrod B L.2003.High-resolution lidar topography of the Puget Lowland,Washington:A bonanza for earth science[J].GSA Today,13(6):4--10.
Hu F,Gao X M,Li G Y,Li M.2016.DEM extraction from worldview-3stereo-images and accuracy evaluation[C]∥The International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,23 ISPRSCongress.Prague:Czech Republic:327--332.
Hudnut K W,Borsa A,Glennie C,Minster J B.2002.High-resolution topography along surface rupture of the 16Octo-ber 1999Hector Mine,California,earthquake(MW7.1)from airborne laser swath mapping[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,92(4):1570--1576.
Jacobsen K,Topan H.2015.DEM generation with short base length Pleiades triplet[C]∥The International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.Munich,Germany:ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens:81--86.
James M R,Robson S.2012.Straightforward reconstruction of 3Dsurfaces and topography with a camera:Accuracy and geoscience application[J].J Geophys Res,117(F3):F03017.
Jiang H J,Zhang L,Wang Y,Liao M S.2014.Fusion of high-resolution DEMs derived from COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X InSAR datasets[J].J Geod,88(6):587--599.
Johnson K,Nissen E,Saripalli S,Arrowsmith J R,McGarey P,Scharer K,Williams P,Blisniuk K.2014.Rapid mapping of ultrafine fault zone topography with structure from motion[J].Geosphere,10(5):969--986.
Kaula W M,Schubert G,Lingenfelter R E,Sjogren W L,Wollenhaupt W R.1974.Apollo laser altimetry and inferences as to lunar structure[C]∥Proceedings of the 5th Lunar Science Conference.New York:Pergamon Press:3049--3058.
Lin Z,Kaneda H,Mukoyama S,Asada N,Chiba T.2013.Detection of subtle tectonic-geomorphic features in densely forested mountains by very high-resolution airborne LiDAR survey[J].Geomorphology,182:104--115.
Meigs A.2013.Active tectonics and the LiDAR revolution[J].Lithosphere,5(2):226--229.
Miller C L,Laflamme R A.1958.The Digital Terrain Model:Theory and Application[M].Cambridge:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Photogrammetry Laboratory:433--442.
Niethammer U,James M R,Rothmund S,Travelletti J,Joswig M.2012.UAV-based remote sensing of the Super-Sauze landslide:Evaluation and results[J].Engineering Geology,128:2--11.
Nissen E,Maruyama T,Arrowsmith J R,Elliott J R,Krishnan A K,Oskin M E,Saripalli S.2014.Coseismic fault zone deformation revealed with differential lidar:Examples from Japanese MW7intraplate earthquakes[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,405:244--256.
Oskin M E,Arrowsmith J R,Corona A H,Elliott A J,Fletcher J M,Fielding E J,Gold P O,Garcia J J G,Hudnut KW,Liu-Zeng J,Teran O J.2012.Near-field deformation from the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake revealed by differential LiDAR[J].Science,335(6069):702--705.
Rogers A E E,Ingalls R P.1969.Venus:Mapping the surface reflectivity by radar interferometry[J].Science,165(3895):797--799.
Scharer K M,Salisbury J B,Arrowsmith J R,Rockwell T K.2014.Southern San Andreas fault evaluation field activity:Approaches to measuring small geomorphic offsets:Challenges and recommendations for active fault studies[J].Seismol Res Lett,85(1):68--76.
Westoby M J,Brasington J,Glasser N F,Hambrey M J,Reynolds J M.2012.‘Structure-from-Motion’photogrammetry:A low-cost,effective tool for geoscience applications[J].Geomorphology,179:300--314.
Zhou Y,Parsons B,Elliott J R,Barisin I,Walker R T.2015a.Assessing the ability of Pleiades stereo imagery to determine height changes in earthquakes:A case study for the El Mayor-Cucapah epicentral area[J].J Geophys Res,120(12):8793--8808.
Zhou Y,Elliott J R,Parsons B,Walker R T.2015b.The 2013Balochistan earthquake:An extraordinary or completely ordinary event?[J].Geophys Res Lett,42(15):6236--6243.
Zhou Y,Walker R T,Elliott J R,Parsons B.2016.Mapping 3Dfault geometry in earthquakes using high-resolution topography:Examples from the 2010El Mayor-Cucapah(Mexico)and 2013Balochistan(Pakistan)earthquakes[J].Geophys Res Lett,43(7):3134--3142.
Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R,Ludwig L G,Ak9iz S O.2010.Slip in the 1857and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizo plain,San Andreas fault[J].Science,327(5969):1119--1122.
Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R.2012.LaDiCaoz and LiDAR imager:MATLAB GUIs for LiDAR data handling and lateral displacement measurement[J].Geosphere,8(1):206--221.
Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R,Ludwig L G,Akciz S O.2012.High-resolution topography-derived offsets along the 1857Fort Tejon earthquake rupture trace,San Andreas fault[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,102(3):1135--1154.