胶球物理简介
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摘要
胶球是一种由强相互作用规范粒子——胶子——构成的强子,它是由QCD理论预言存在的一类复合粒子.自QCD诞生以来,胶球问题就一直是一个令人十分感兴趣的课题.迄今为止,人们提出了多种理论方案研究胶球问题,例如:格点QCD理论、口袋模型、流管模型、库仑规范理论、AdS/QCD和QCD求和规则等方法.理论上预言最轻的标量胶球(JPC=0++)的质量介于1~2 GeV之间,其他量子数胶球质量会高于2GeV.实验上为寻找胶球态做了大量的工作,除在1.5GeV附近发现存在超出夸克模型预言数量的0++介子态,进而认为这有可能是夸克强子与胶球构成的混合态外,目前尚无其他更明确结论.人们对其他量子数胶球态的研究还非常有限,特别是对于具有奇特量子数oddball胶球的研究更少.然而由于oddball不会与纯夸克强子混合,使得它们在实验探测方面具有特殊的优势.本文简要回顾理论和实验上对胶球的研究,特别对QCD求和规则在oddball研究方面做了较详细地介绍.
The glueball is a kind of hadron that is composed of gluons,predicted by the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics.From the advent of QCD,the glueball study turned to be an intriguing research field.Up to now,various of theories were developed for the glueball analysis,such as Lattice QCD,MIT bag model,Flux-tube model,Coulomb gauge theory,AdS/QCD,and QCD sum rules,etc.Meanwhile,agreat deal of effort has been devoted to the search of glueballs in the experiment.However,unfortunately,there has been no firm conclusion yet.In theory,the mass of the lightest scalar glueball(0++)lies in between 1 GeV and 2 GeV,whereas other glueballs,possessing different quantum numbers,should be heavier than 2 GeV.In the experiment,it was found that the number of 0++meson overshoots the prediction of the naive quark model,which might be a smoking gun of scalar glueball,in mixture with conventional meson states.There is very limited research on other glueballs with different quantum numbers,especially the oddballs which have odd quantum numbers and hence do not mix with the quark-anti-quark states.This extraordinary feature makes their discovery in experiment feasible.In this paper,we give a brief review of glueball study,especially the oddball in the framework of QCD sum rules.
The glueball is a kind of hadron that is composed of gluons,predicted by the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics.From the advent of QCD,the glueball study turned to be an intriguing research field.Up to now,various of theories were developed for the glueball analysis,such as Lattice QCD,MIT bag model,Flux-tube model,Coulomb gauge theory,AdS/QCD,and QCD sum rules,etc.Meanwhile,agreat deal of effort has been devoted to the search of glueballs in the experiment.However,unfortunately,there has been no firm conclusion yet.In theory,the mass of the lightest scalar glueball(0++)lies in between 1 GeV and 2 GeV,whereas other glueballs,possessing different quantum numbers,should be heavier than 2 GeV.In the experiment,it was found that the number of 0++meson overshoots the prediction of the naive quark model,which might be a smoking gun of scalar glueball,in mixture with conventional meson states.There is very limited research on other glueballs with different quantum numbers,especially the oddballs which have odd quantum numbers and hence do not mix with the quark-anti-quark states.This extraordinary feature makes their discovery in experiment feasible.In this paper,we give a brief review of glueball study,especially the oddball in the framework of QCD sum rules.
引文
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[2]WEINBERG S.A Model of Leptons[J].Physical Review Letters,1967,19(21):1264-1266.
[3]高崇寿,曾谨言.粒子物理与核物理讲座[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990:98-100.
[4]QIAO C F,TANG L.Finding the 0--glueball[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,113(22):221601.
[5]QIAO C F,TANG L.Reply to“Comment on‘Finding the 0--Glueball’”[arXiv:1702.06634]and comment on‘Is the exotic0--glueball a pure gluon state?’[arXiv:1611.08698][J/OL].(2017-04-26)[2018-08-22].https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.08589.
[6]TANG L,QIAO C F.Mass spectra of 0+-,1-+,and 2+-exotic glueballs[J].Nuclear Physics B,2016,904:282-296.
[7]MATHIEU V,KOCHELEV N,VENTO V.The physics of glueballs[J].International Journal of Modern Physics E,2009,18(1):1-49.
[8]JAFFE R L,JOHNSON K.Unconventional states of confined quarks and gluons[J].Physics Letters B,1976,60(2):201-204.
[9]CARLSON C E,HANSSON T H,PETERSON C.Meson,baryon,and glueball masses in the MIT bag model[J].Physical Review D,1982,27(7):1556-1564.
[10]CHANOWITZ M S,SHARPE S R.Hybrids:Mixed states of quarks and gluons[J].Nuclear Physics B,1983,222(2):211-244.
[11]MORNINGSTAR C J,PEARDON M J.Glueball spectrum from an anisotropic lattice study[J].Physical Review D,1999,60(3):913-919.
[12]BALI G S,SCHILLING K,HULSEBOS A,et al.(UKQCD Collaboration).A comprehensive lattice study of SU(3)glueballs[J].Physics Letters B,1993,309(3/4):378-384.
[13]CHEN Y,ALEXANDRU A,DONG S J,et al.Glueball spectrum and matrix elements on anisotropic lattices[J].Physical Review D,2006,73(1):014516.
[14]ISGUR N,PATON J E.Flux-tuve model for hadrons in QCD[J].Physical Review D,1985,31(1):2910-2929.
[15]LLANES-ESTRADA F J,BICUDO P,COTANCH S R.J--glueballs and a low odderon intercept[J].Physical Review Lerters,2006,96(8):081601.
[16]BROWER R C,MATHUR S D,TAN C I.Glueball spectrum for QCD from AdS supergravity duality[J].Nuclear Physics B,2000,587:249-276.
[17]SHIFMAN M A,VAINSHTEIN A I,ZAKHAROV V I.QCD and resonance physics.theoretical foundations[J].Nuclear Physics B,1979,147(5):385-447.
[18]WILSON K G.Non-Lagrangian models of current algebra[J].Physical Review,1969,179(5):1499-1512.
[19]REINDERS L J,RUBINSTEIN H,YAZAKI S.Hadron properties from QCD sum ruls[J].Physics Reports,1985,127(1):1-97.
[20]COLANGELO P,KHODJAMIRIAN A.QCD sum rules,a modern perspective[J].At the Frontier of Particle Physics,2001,3:1495-1576.
[21]LATORRE J I,NARISON S,PABAN S.0++trigluonium sum rules[J].Physics Letters B,1987,191(4):437-441.
[22]HUANG T,JIN H Y,ZHANG A L.Determination of the scalar glueball mass in QCD sum rules[J].Physical Review D,1999,59(3):720-738.
[23]陆文韬,刘觉平.0++三胶子标胶球与QCD求和规则[J].高能物理与核物理,1996,20(8):691-697.
[24]FORKEL H.Direct instantons,topological charge screening and QCD glueball sum rules[J].Physical Review D,2005,71(5):225-235.
[25]HAO G,QIAO C F,ZHANG A L.0-+trigluon glueball and its implication for a recent BES observation[J].Physics Letters B,2006,642(1/2):53-61.
[26]NARISON S.QCD spectral sum rules[J].World Scientific Lecture Notes in Physics,1989,26(3):1.
[27]LIU J P.The 2++three-gluon tensor glueball in Quantum Chromodynamics sum rules[J].Chinese Physics Letters,1998,15(11):784-786.
[28]LIU J P,LIU D H.Deternination of the mass of the 1--vector glueball from Quantum Chromodynamics sum rules[J].Chinese Physics Letters,1990,7(6):252-255.
[29]LU W T,LIU J P.Quantum Chromodynamics sum rules for the 1-+vector odd-glueball[J].Chinese Physics Letters,1996,13(5):340-342.
[30]NOVIKOV V A,SHIFMAN M A,VAINSHTEIN A I,et al.In search of scalar gluonium[J].Nuclear Physics B,1980,165(1):67-69.
[31]FORKEL H.Scalar gluonium and instantons[J].Physical Review D,2001,64(3):431-435.
[32]BAGAN E,STEELE T G.Mass of the scalar glueball.Higher-loop effects in the QCD sum rules[J].Physics Letters B,1990,243(4):413-420.
[33]JIA S,SHEN C P,YUAN C Z,et al.(Belle Collaboration).Search for the 0--glueball inΥ(1S)andΥ(2S)decays[J].Physical Review D,2017,95:012001.
[2]WEINBERG S.A Model of Leptons[J].Physical Review Letters,1967,19(21):1264-1266.
[3]高崇寿,曾谨言.粒子物理与核物理讲座[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990:98-100.
[4]QIAO C F,TANG L.Finding the 0--glueball[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,113(22):221601.
[5]QIAO C F,TANG L.Reply to“Comment on‘Finding the 0--Glueball’”[arXiv:1702.06634]and comment on‘Is the exotic0--glueball a pure gluon state?’[arXiv:1611.08698][J/OL].(2017-04-26)[2018-08-22].https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.08589.
[6]TANG L,QIAO C F.Mass spectra of 0+-,1-+,and 2+-exotic glueballs[J].Nuclear Physics B,2016,904:282-296.
[7]MATHIEU V,KOCHELEV N,VENTO V.The physics of glueballs[J].International Journal of Modern Physics E,2009,18(1):1-49.
[8]JAFFE R L,JOHNSON K.Unconventional states of confined quarks and gluons[J].Physics Letters B,1976,60(2):201-204.
[9]CARLSON C E,HANSSON T H,PETERSON C.Meson,baryon,and glueball masses in the MIT bag model[J].Physical Review D,1982,27(7):1556-1564.
[10]CHANOWITZ M S,SHARPE S R.Hybrids:Mixed states of quarks and gluons[J].Nuclear Physics B,1983,222(2):211-244.
[11]MORNINGSTAR C J,PEARDON M J.Glueball spectrum from an anisotropic lattice study[J].Physical Review D,1999,60(3):913-919.
[12]BALI G S,SCHILLING K,HULSEBOS A,et al.(UKQCD Collaboration).A comprehensive lattice study of SU(3)glueballs[J].Physics Letters B,1993,309(3/4):378-384.
[13]CHEN Y,ALEXANDRU A,DONG S J,et al.Glueball spectrum and matrix elements on anisotropic lattices[J].Physical Review D,2006,73(1):014516.
[14]ISGUR N,PATON J E.Flux-tuve model for hadrons in QCD[J].Physical Review D,1985,31(1):2910-2929.
[15]LLANES-ESTRADA F J,BICUDO P,COTANCH S R.J--glueballs and a low odderon intercept[J].Physical Review Lerters,2006,96(8):081601.
[16]BROWER R C,MATHUR S D,TAN C I.Glueball spectrum for QCD from AdS supergravity duality[J].Nuclear Physics B,2000,587:249-276.
[17]SHIFMAN M A,VAINSHTEIN A I,ZAKHAROV V I.QCD and resonance physics.theoretical foundations[J].Nuclear Physics B,1979,147(5):385-447.
[18]WILSON K G.Non-Lagrangian models of current algebra[J].Physical Review,1969,179(5):1499-1512.
[19]REINDERS L J,RUBINSTEIN H,YAZAKI S.Hadron properties from QCD sum ruls[J].Physics Reports,1985,127(1):1-97.
[20]COLANGELO P,KHODJAMIRIAN A.QCD sum rules,a modern perspective[J].At the Frontier of Particle Physics,2001,3:1495-1576.
[21]LATORRE J I,NARISON S,PABAN S.0++trigluonium sum rules[J].Physics Letters B,1987,191(4):437-441.
[22]HUANG T,JIN H Y,ZHANG A L.Determination of the scalar glueball mass in QCD sum rules[J].Physical Review D,1999,59(3):720-738.
[23]陆文韬,刘觉平.0++三胶子标胶球与QCD求和规则[J].高能物理与核物理,1996,20(8):691-697.
[24]FORKEL H.Direct instantons,topological charge screening and QCD glueball sum rules[J].Physical Review D,2005,71(5):225-235.
[25]HAO G,QIAO C F,ZHANG A L.0-+trigluon glueball and its implication for a recent BES observation[J].Physics Letters B,2006,642(1/2):53-61.
[26]NARISON S.QCD spectral sum rules[J].World Scientific Lecture Notes in Physics,1989,26(3):1.
[27]LIU J P.The 2++three-gluon tensor glueball in Quantum Chromodynamics sum rules[J].Chinese Physics Letters,1998,15(11):784-786.
[28]LIU J P,LIU D H.Deternination of the mass of the 1--vector glueball from Quantum Chromodynamics sum rules[J].Chinese Physics Letters,1990,7(6):252-255.
[29]LU W T,LIU J P.Quantum Chromodynamics sum rules for the 1-+vector odd-glueball[J].Chinese Physics Letters,1996,13(5):340-342.
[30]NOVIKOV V A,SHIFMAN M A,VAINSHTEIN A I,et al.In search of scalar gluonium[J].Nuclear Physics B,1980,165(1):67-69.
[31]FORKEL H.Scalar gluonium and instantons[J].Physical Review D,2001,64(3):431-435.
[32]BAGAN E,STEELE T G.Mass of the scalar glueball.Higher-loop effects in the QCD sum rules[J].Physics Letters B,1990,243(4):413-420.
[33]JIA S,SHEN C P,YUAN C Z,et al.(Belle Collaboration).Search for the 0--glueball inΥ(1S)andΥ(2S)decays[J].Physical Review D,2017,95:012001.