运城盆地和峨眉台地地裂缝基本特征
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摘要
运城盆地和峨眉台地(以下简称运城盆地),位于汾渭地堑系的南部,是汾渭盆地地裂缝发育较多的地区之一。自20世纪40年代在该地区发现地裂缝至2013年,在闻喜县、夏县、盐湖区、临猗县、永济市和万荣县共6县区累计发现地裂缝119条(带),发育规模大,灾害严重,给当地造成了严重的经济损失。本文在运城盆地详细调查的基础上,简要论述了地裂缝的发育概况,详细研究了运城盆地地裂缝的基本特征。研究认为运城盆地地裂缝具有沿断裂带集中发育,顺地貌分界线展布,与地面沉降伴生的空间分布特征;平面展布具有定向性、成带性和延伸性;地裂缝在剖面上表现为浅表部倾角较陡,向下延伸逐渐变缓,下盘靠近主裂缝发育同倾向次级裂缝、上盘远离主裂缝发育反倾裂缝;运动特征表现出垂直差异运动、水平拉张运动和水平剪切运动三种形式,活动特征表现为受地下水开采影响明显;地裂缝对地表的垂直剪切、水平剪切和拉张三种破坏形式导致建筑物墙体开裂倾倒、道路错断开裂、农田出现陷坑,给地裂缝沿线人民带来了严重的经济损失。研究运城盆地地裂缝的基本特征对于土地规划、防灾减灾具有科学指导意义。
The Yuncheng Basin and Emei Platform(here in after referred to Yuncheng basin) are located in the southern Fenwei graben system,which is one of the ground fissures developed areas. Ground fissures have been found here since 1940 s. By 2013,a total of 119 ground fissures were found in 6 counties including Wenxi County,Xiaxian County,Yanhu District,Linqu County,Yongji City and Wanrong County. Large-scale and serious disasters had caused serious economic losses. Based on detailed field investigation in Yuncheng basin,this paper briefly discusses the development of ground fissures and studies the basic features of ground fissures detail. The study shows that the ground fissures in Yuncheng Basin have the features of spatial distribution along with the fault zone,along the demarcation line of geomorphic and associated with ground subsidence. The plane distribution is directional,belt-forming and extensibility. The dip angle of the ground fissures at the shallow part are steeper than that at the deeper part. Secondary fissures develops near the main fissure and with the same inclination with the main fissure. Anti-inclined fissures away from the main fissure always develop at the hanging wall and. The movement features of the ground fissures have three formsincluging the vertical differential movement,the horizontal tension movement and the level shear movement. The active character affected bygroundwater exploitation obviously. The vertical shear,horizontal shear and tension of ground fissures always led to the building wall cracking,road faulting,and settlement of farmland which caused severe economic losses to local people. Studying the basic characteristics of the ground fissures in the Yuncheng basin has the scientific guiding significance for land planning and disaster prevention and mitigation.
The Yuncheng Basin and Emei Platform(here in after referred to Yuncheng basin) are located in the southern Fenwei graben system,which is one of the ground fissures developed areas. Ground fissures have been found here since 1940 s. By 2013,a total of 119 ground fissures were found in 6 counties including Wenxi County,Xiaxian County,Yanhu District,Linqu County,Yongji City and Wanrong County. Large-scale and serious disasters had caused serious economic losses. Based on detailed field investigation in Yuncheng basin,this paper briefly discusses the development of ground fissures and studies the basic features of ground fissures detail. The study shows that the ground fissures in Yuncheng Basin have the features of spatial distribution along with the fault zone,along the demarcation line of geomorphic and associated with ground subsidence. The plane distribution is directional,belt-forming and extensibility. The dip angle of the ground fissures at the shallow part are steeper than that at the deeper part. Secondary fissures develops near the main fissure and with the same inclination with the main fissure. Anti-inclined fissures away from the main fissure always develop at the hanging wall and. The movement features of the ground fissures have three formsincluging the vertical differential movement,the horizontal tension movement and the level shear movement. The active character affected bygroundwater exploitation obviously. The vertical shear,horizontal shear and tension of ground fissures always led to the building wall cracking,road faulting,and settlement of farmland which caused severe economic losses to local people. Studying the basic characteristics of the ground fissures in the Yuncheng basin has the scientific guiding significance for land planning and disaster prevention and mitigation.
引文
[1]赵忠海.北京地区地裂缝灾害的分布特征及成因探讨[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2006,17(3):75-78.ZHAO Zhonghai. The distribution and formation of earth fissure in Beijing[J]. Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation, 2006, 17(3):75-78.
[2]中国地质学会城市地质研究会编.中国城市地质[M].北京:中国大地出版社,2005:199-216.Urban geological research of geological society of China. Urban geological of China[M]. Beijing:China Land Publishing House,2005:199-216.
[3] RUDOLPH,D L,CHERRY J A,FARVOLDEN R N. Groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured lacustrine clay near mexico city[J]. Water Resources Research,1991,27(9):2187-2201.
[4] LEE C F,ZHANG J M,ZHANG Y X. Evolution and origin of the ground fissures in Xi’an,China[J].Engineering Geology,1996,43(1):45–55.
[5] NGECU W M,NYAMBOK I O. Ground subsidence and its socio-economic implications on the population:a case study of the Nakuru area in Central Rift Valley,Kenya[J]. Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):567-574.
[6] ALLIS R G. Review of subsidence at Wairakei field,New Zealand[J]. Geothermics, 2000, 29:455-478.
[7] SAPIGNI M, BARBERA G L, GHIROTTI M.Engineering geological characterization and comparison of predicted and measured deformations of a cavern in the Italian Alps[J]. Eng Geo,2003,69:47-62.
[8] HOLZER T L, Galloway D L. Impacts of land subsidence caused by withdrawal of underground fluids in the United States[J]. Reviews in Engineering Geology,2005,16(8):87-99.
[9]彭建兵,范文,李喜安,等.汾渭盆地地裂缝成因研究中的若干关键问题[J].工程地质学报,2007,15(4):433-440.PENG Jianbing,FAN Wen,LI Xi’an,et al. Some key questions in the formation of ground fissures in the Fen-Wei Basin[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2007,15(4):433-440.
[10] LEONARD,R J. An earth fissure in Southern Arizona[J]. Journal of Geology,1929(37):765-774.
[11] FETH J H. Structural reconnaissance of the Red Rock quadrangle,Arizona[C]∥US Geo Sur Open-File Report, Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1951:32.
[12] JACHENS R C, Holzer T L. Geophysical investigations of ground failure related to ground-water withdrawal-Picacho Basin, Arizona[J]. Ground Water,1979(17):574-585.
[13] JACHENS R C, HOLZER T L. Differential compaction mechanism for ground fissures near Casa Grande,Arizona[J]. Geol Soc Am Bull,1982(93):998-1012.
[14] LOFGREN B E. Hydraulic stresses cause ground movement and fissures, Picacho, Arizona[J].Geological Society American Abstracts and Programs,1978:113.
[15] HELM D C. Hydraulic forces that play a role in generating fissures at depth[J]. Environment and Engineering Geoscience,1994(31):293-304.
[16] BELL J W. Subsidence in Las Vegas Valley. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology[J]. Bulletin,1981:84.
[17] SHENG Z P,HELM,D C,LI J. Mechanisms of earth fissuring caused by groundwater withdraw[J].Environ Eng Geosci,2003,9(4):351-352.
[18] BUDHU M. Mechanics of ground fissures using the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion[J]. Enviro. Eng,Geosci.,2008,14(4):281-295.
[19] BUDHU M. Earth fissure formation from the mechanics of groundwater pumping[J]. Interational Journal of Geomechanics,2011(11):1-11.
[20] BURBEY T J. The influence of faults in basin-fill deposits on land subsidence, Las Vegas Valley,Nevada,USA[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2002(10):525-538.
[21] AYALEW L, YAMAGISHI H, REIK G. Ground cracks in Ethiopian Rift Valley:facts and uncertainties[J]. Engineering Geology,2004,75:309-324.
[22]彭建兵,张勤,黄强兵,等.西安地裂缝灾害[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.PENG Jianbing,ZHANG Qin,HUANG Qiangbing et al. Xi'an ground fissure disaster[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2012.
[23] PENG Jianbing,QIAO Jianwei,LENG Yanqiu,et al.Distribution and mechanism of the ground fissure in Wei River Basin,the origin of Silk Road. Environ Earth Sci,2016:75:718.
[24]乔建伟,薛守中,彭建兵,等.临汾盆地果场地裂缝成因机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2015(4):769-777.QIAO Jianwei,XUE Shouzhong,PENG Jianbing,et al. Analysis for mechanism of Guochang earth fissure in Linfen basin[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2015,23(4):769-777.
[25] XU Jishan,MENG Lingchao,AN Haibo,et al. Thebending mechanism of Anping ground fissure in the Hebei Plain,North China[J]. Environment Earth Science,2015,74:6859-6870.
[26]刘巍,安卫平,赵新平.运城盆地的现今构造活动及现代地壳应力场的基本特征[J].山西地震,1996(2):11-15.LIU Wei,AN Weiping,ZHAO Xinping. The present tectonic activities and the basic features of modern crustal stress field in Yuncheng basin[J]. Earth Quake Research in Shan Xi,1996(2):11-15.
[27]彭建兵,卢全中,黄强兵,等.汾渭盆地地裂缝灾害[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.PENG Jianbing,LU Quanzhong,HUANG Qiangbing,et al. Ground fissures disaster in Fen-Wei basin[M].Beijing:Science Press,2017.
[28]乔建伟,彭建兵,卢全中.运城盆地尉郭地裂缝基本特征与成因分析[J].自然灾害学报,2017,26(6):110-119.QIAO Jianwei, PENG Jianbing, LU Quanzhong.Basic characteristic and mechanism analysis of Weiguo earth fissures in Yuncheng basin[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters,2017,26(6):110-119.
[29]王绍中.运城地裂缝[J].山西地震,1983(3):17-19.WANG Shaozhong. Yuncheng ground fissures[J].Earth Quake Research in Shan Xi,1983,3:17-19.
[30]武强,姜振泉,李云龙,等.山西断陷盆地地裂缝灾害研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2003.WU Qiang, JIANG Zhenquan, LI Yunlong,et al.Study on ground fissure disaster in Shanxi fault depression basin[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2003.
[31]王景明.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2000.WANG Jingming. Theory of ground fissures hazards and it’s application[M]. Xi’an:Shaanxi Science and Technology Press,2000.
[32]徐继山,庄会栋,唐东旗,等.运城盆地地裂缝特征及机理分析[J].地质灾害及环境保护,2010,21(2):97-100.XU Jishan,ZHUANG Huidong,TANG Dongqi,et al.Features and mechanism analysis of ground fissures in Yuncheng basin[J]. Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2010,21(2):97-100.
[33]刘海江,刘聪,黄强兵,等.大西客运专线运城盆地沿线地裂缝特征及评价[J].铁道建筑技术,2013(1):114-119.LIU Haijiang,LIU Cong,HUANG Qiangbing,et al.Characteristic and evaluation of ground fissures along Datong-Xi’an passenger dedicated line in Yuncheng Basin[J]. Railway Construction Technology,2013(1):114-119.
[34]徐卫东,景智明,李剑平,等.运城盆地地下水开发历史的回顾[J].山西水利科技,1999(1):57-60.XU Weidong, JING Zhiming, LI Jianping, et al.Review of the history of groundwater development in Yuncheng basin[J]. Shanxi Hydro Technics,1999(1):57-60.
[35]黄强兵,彭建兵,樊红卫,等.西安地裂缝对地铁隧道的危害及防治措施研究[J].岩土工程学报,2009(5):781-788.HUANG Qiangbing,PENG Jianbing,FAN Hongwei,et al. Metro tunnel hazards induced by active ground fissures in Xi’an and relevant control measures[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2009(5):781-788.
[36]田建梅,李有利,司苏沛,等.中条山北麓中段洪积扇上全新世断层陡坎的发现及其构造意义[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2013,49(6):986-992.TIAN Jianmei,LI Youli,SI Supei,et al. Discovery and neotectonic significance of fault scarps on alluvial fans in the middle of northern Piedmont of the Zhongtiao Mountains[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2013,49(6):986-992.
[2]中国地质学会城市地质研究会编.中国城市地质[M].北京:中国大地出版社,2005:199-216.Urban geological research of geological society of China. Urban geological of China[M]. Beijing:China Land Publishing House,2005:199-216.
[3] RUDOLPH,D L,CHERRY J A,FARVOLDEN R N. Groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured lacustrine clay near mexico city[J]. Water Resources Research,1991,27(9):2187-2201.
[4] LEE C F,ZHANG J M,ZHANG Y X. Evolution and origin of the ground fissures in Xi’an,China[J].Engineering Geology,1996,43(1):45–55.
[5] NGECU W M,NYAMBOK I O. Ground subsidence and its socio-economic implications on the population:a case study of the Nakuru area in Central Rift Valley,Kenya[J]. Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):567-574.
[6] ALLIS R G. Review of subsidence at Wairakei field,New Zealand[J]. Geothermics, 2000, 29:455-478.
[7] SAPIGNI M, BARBERA G L, GHIROTTI M.Engineering geological characterization and comparison of predicted and measured deformations of a cavern in the Italian Alps[J]. Eng Geo,2003,69:47-62.
[8] HOLZER T L, Galloway D L. Impacts of land subsidence caused by withdrawal of underground fluids in the United States[J]. Reviews in Engineering Geology,2005,16(8):87-99.
[9]彭建兵,范文,李喜安,等.汾渭盆地地裂缝成因研究中的若干关键问题[J].工程地质学报,2007,15(4):433-440.PENG Jianbing,FAN Wen,LI Xi’an,et al. Some key questions in the formation of ground fissures in the Fen-Wei Basin[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2007,15(4):433-440.
[10] LEONARD,R J. An earth fissure in Southern Arizona[J]. Journal of Geology,1929(37):765-774.
[11] FETH J H. Structural reconnaissance of the Red Rock quadrangle,Arizona[C]∥US Geo Sur Open-File Report, Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1951:32.
[12] JACHENS R C, Holzer T L. Geophysical investigations of ground failure related to ground-water withdrawal-Picacho Basin, Arizona[J]. Ground Water,1979(17):574-585.
[13] JACHENS R C, HOLZER T L. Differential compaction mechanism for ground fissures near Casa Grande,Arizona[J]. Geol Soc Am Bull,1982(93):998-1012.
[14] LOFGREN B E. Hydraulic stresses cause ground movement and fissures, Picacho, Arizona[J].Geological Society American Abstracts and Programs,1978:113.
[15] HELM D C. Hydraulic forces that play a role in generating fissures at depth[J]. Environment and Engineering Geoscience,1994(31):293-304.
[16] BELL J W. Subsidence in Las Vegas Valley. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology[J]. Bulletin,1981:84.
[17] SHENG Z P,HELM,D C,LI J. Mechanisms of earth fissuring caused by groundwater withdraw[J].Environ Eng Geosci,2003,9(4):351-352.
[18] BUDHU M. Mechanics of ground fissures using the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion[J]. Enviro. Eng,Geosci.,2008,14(4):281-295.
[19] BUDHU M. Earth fissure formation from the mechanics of groundwater pumping[J]. Interational Journal of Geomechanics,2011(11):1-11.
[20] BURBEY T J. The influence of faults in basin-fill deposits on land subsidence, Las Vegas Valley,Nevada,USA[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2002(10):525-538.
[21] AYALEW L, YAMAGISHI H, REIK G. Ground cracks in Ethiopian Rift Valley:facts and uncertainties[J]. Engineering Geology,2004,75:309-324.
[22]彭建兵,张勤,黄强兵,等.西安地裂缝灾害[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.PENG Jianbing,ZHANG Qin,HUANG Qiangbing et al. Xi'an ground fissure disaster[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2012.
[23] PENG Jianbing,QIAO Jianwei,LENG Yanqiu,et al.Distribution and mechanism of the ground fissure in Wei River Basin,the origin of Silk Road. Environ Earth Sci,2016:75:718.
[24]乔建伟,薛守中,彭建兵,等.临汾盆地果场地裂缝成因机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2015(4):769-777.QIAO Jianwei,XUE Shouzhong,PENG Jianbing,et al. Analysis for mechanism of Guochang earth fissure in Linfen basin[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2015,23(4):769-777.
[25] XU Jishan,MENG Lingchao,AN Haibo,et al. Thebending mechanism of Anping ground fissure in the Hebei Plain,North China[J]. Environment Earth Science,2015,74:6859-6870.
[26]刘巍,安卫平,赵新平.运城盆地的现今构造活动及现代地壳应力场的基本特征[J].山西地震,1996(2):11-15.LIU Wei,AN Weiping,ZHAO Xinping. The present tectonic activities and the basic features of modern crustal stress field in Yuncheng basin[J]. Earth Quake Research in Shan Xi,1996(2):11-15.
[27]彭建兵,卢全中,黄强兵,等.汾渭盆地地裂缝灾害[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.PENG Jianbing,LU Quanzhong,HUANG Qiangbing,et al. Ground fissures disaster in Fen-Wei basin[M].Beijing:Science Press,2017.
[28]乔建伟,彭建兵,卢全中.运城盆地尉郭地裂缝基本特征与成因分析[J].自然灾害学报,2017,26(6):110-119.QIAO Jianwei, PENG Jianbing, LU Quanzhong.Basic characteristic and mechanism analysis of Weiguo earth fissures in Yuncheng basin[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters,2017,26(6):110-119.
[29]王绍中.运城地裂缝[J].山西地震,1983(3):17-19.WANG Shaozhong. Yuncheng ground fissures[J].Earth Quake Research in Shan Xi,1983,3:17-19.
[30]武强,姜振泉,李云龙,等.山西断陷盆地地裂缝灾害研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2003.WU Qiang, JIANG Zhenquan, LI Yunlong,et al.Study on ground fissure disaster in Shanxi fault depression basin[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2003.
[31]王景明.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2000.WANG Jingming. Theory of ground fissures hazards and it’s application[M]. Xi’an:Shaanxi Science and Technology Press,2000.
[32]徐继山,庄会栋,唐东旗,等.运城盆地地裂缝特征及机理分析[J].地质灾害及环境保护,2010,21(2):97-100.XU Jishan,ZHUANG Huidong,TANG Dongqi,et al.Features and mechanism analysis of ground fissures in Yuncheng basin[J]. Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2010,21(2):97-100.
[33]刘海江,刘聪,黄强兵,等.大西客运专线运城盆地沿线地裂缝特征及评价[J].铁道建筑技术,2013(1):114-119.LIU Haijiang,LIU Cong,HUANG Qiangbing,et al.Characteristic and evaluation of ground fissures along Datong-Xi’an passenger dedicated line in Yuncheng Basin[J]. Railway Construction Technology,2013(1):114-119.
[34]徐卫东,景智明,李剑平,等.运城盆地地下水开发历史的回顾[J].山西水利科技,1999(1):57-60.XU Weidong, JING Zhiming, LI Jianping, et al.Review of the history of groundwater development in Yuncheng basin[J]. Shanxi Hydro Technics,1999(1):57-60.
[35]黄强兵,彭建兵,樊红卫,等.西安地裂缝对地铁隧道的危害及防治措施研究[J].岩土工程学报,2009(5):781-788.HUANG Qiangbing,PENG Jianbing,FAN Hongwei,et al. Metro tunnel hazards induced by active ground fissures in Xi’an and relevant control measures[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2009(5):781-788.
[36]田建梅,李有利,司苏沛,等.中条山北麓中段洪积扇上全新世断层陡坎的发现及其构造意义[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2013,49(6):986-992.TIAN Jianmei,LI Youli,SI Supei,et al. Discovery and neotectonic significance of fault scarps on alluvial fans in the middle of northern Piedmont of the Zhongtiao Mountains[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2013,49(6):986-992.