鄱阳湖“五河”入湖口沉积物中微塑料污染物的特征及其时空分布
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摘要
微塑料作为新型环境污染物正日益受到人们密切关注,为探索微塑料在鄱阳湖流域的污染状况,以鄱阳湖流域"五河"入湖口的沉积物为研究对象,分别在3个水文周期(平水期、丰水期和枯水期)选择6个典型区域采集沉积物进行分析.采用浮选分离方法及金相显微鉴定技术,分析鄱阳湖"五河"入湖口沉积物中微塑料的类型、丰度和表面形貌等特征,旨在揭示鄱阳湖沉积物中微塑料的空间分布规律及不同水位期的动态变化.研究结果显示微塑料的类型有碎片类、发泡类、薄膜类和纤维类,其中主要以碎片类微塑料为主,所占百分比为51.95%; 70%的微塑料粒径<1 mm,微塑料(<5mm)的平均丰度为811.11 n/kg,6个样点的微塑料丰度值表现为朱港>吴城>渡头乡>龙口>瑞洪镇>南矶山. 6个样点的微塑料丰度值与鄱阳湖水位动态均具一致性,在枯水期所占比例最高,达到44.41%;平水期次之,达到31.52%;丰水期所占比例最低,仅占24.07%.不同水期、不同样地存在不同程度的微塑料污染问题警示人们要重视塑料垃圾的排放及其污染问题,以减少对湖泊、河流等湿地生态环境的影响.
As an emerging environmental pollutant,microplastics are receiving increasing attention. In order to explore microplastics pollution in the Lake Poyang,we selected six typical sampling sites in the wetland beach of the five rivers of Lake Poyang Basin as the study area,and collected the sediments in the beach of each sampling sites as the materials and used the sampling profiling method to analyze and identify microplastics in the sediments during the three different hydrological periods of the normal season,wet season and dry season respectively. Flotation separation and metallographic microscopic identification technology are used to study the types,abundance,surface morphology and other characteristics of the microplastics in the sediments of the Lake Poyang wetland,reveal the spatial distribution and temporal dynamic characteristics of the microplastics in the sediments of different wetland beach in Lake Poyang during different water level periods. The results showed that the types of microplastics were debris,foams,films and fibers. Debris-based microplastics were most abundant accounting 51.95% of total microplastics. 70% of the microplastics have a particle size of less than 1 mm,and these tiny microplastics can be easily eaten by organisms and pose a threat to its survival. The average abundance of microplastics is 811.11 n/kg( n denotes the number of microplastics particles and kg denotes the dry weight of sediments),and the abundance value of the spatial distribution of microplastics for the six samples is expressed as in Zhugang > Wucheng > Dutou Village > Longkou > Ruihong Town > Nanji Mountain. The abundance values of microplastics of six samples are consistent with the dynamics of Lake Poyang water level. Highest proportion was found in dry season,reaching 44.41% of the total; lower proportion was found in normal season,reaching 31. 52% of the total; and the lowest proportion was found in wet season,and accounting for only 24.07% of the total. The fact of the different pollution problem of microplastics in different sampling sites and different water periods suggests that people should pay attention to the discharge of plastic wastes and the management of the pollution in order to reduce the impact on lakes,rivers and other wetland ecological environment and ecosystems.
As an emerging environmental pollutant,microplastics are receiving increasing attention. In order to explore microplastics pollution in the Lake Poyang,we selected six typical sampling sites in the wetland beach of the five rivers of Lake Poyang Basin as the study area,and collected the sediments in the beach of each sampling sites as the materials and used the sampling profiling method to analyze and identify microplastics in the sediments during the three different hydrological periods of the normal season,wet season and dry season respectively. Flotation separation and metallographic microscopic identification technology are used to study the types,abundance,surface morphology and other characteristics of the microplastics in the sediments of the Lake Poyang wetland,reveal the spatial distribution and temporal dynamic characteristics of the microplastics in the sediments of different wetland beach in Lake Poyang during different water level periods. The results showed that the types of microplastics were debris,foams,films and fibers. Debris-based microplastics were most abundant accounting 51.95% of total microplastics. 70% of the microplastics have a particle size of less than 1 mm,and these tiny microplastics can be easily eaten by organisms and pose a threat to its survival. The average abundance of microplastics is 811.11 n/kg( n denotes the number of microplastics particles and kg denotes the dry weight of sediments),and the abundance value of the spatial distribution of microplastics for the six samples is expressed as in Zhugang > Wucheng > Dutou Village > Longkou > Ruihong Town > Nanji Mountain. The abundance values of microplastics of six samples are consistent with the dynamics of Lake Poyang water level. Highest proportion was found in dry season,reaching 44.41% of the total; lower proportion was found in normal season,reaching 31. 52% of the total; and the lowest proportion was found in wet season,and accounting for only 24.07% of the total. The fact of the different pollution problem of microplastics in different sampling sites and different water periods suggests that people should pay attention to the discharge of plastic wastes and the management of the pollution in order to reduce the impact on lakes,rivers and other wetland ecological environment and ecosystems.
引文
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[38]Zhu XT,Yi J,Qiang LY et al.Distribution and settlement of microplastics in surface sediment of Yangtze Estuary.Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2067-2074.[朱晓桐,衣俊,强丽媛等.长江口潮滩表层沉积物中微塑料的分布及沉降特点.环境科学,2018,39(5):2067-2074.]
[39]Klein S,Worch E,Knepper TP.Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the RhineMain area in Germany.Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(10):6070-6076.
[40]Lee J,Hong S,Song YK et al.Relationships among the abundances of plastic debris in different size classes on beaches in South Korea.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,77(2):349-354.
[41]Veerasingam S,Saha M,Suneel V et al.Characteristics,seasonal distribution and surface degradation features of microplastic pellets along the Goa coast,India.Chemosphere,2016,159:496-505.
[42]Lima ARA,Barletta M,Costa MF.Seasonal distribution and interactions between plankton andmicroplastics in a tropical estuary.Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2015,165:213-225.
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[2]Law KL,Thompson RC.Oceans.Microplastics in the seas.Science,2014,345(6193):144-145.
[3]Plastics Europe.Plastics-the facts 2016:An analysis of European plasticsproduction,demand and waste data,2016.http://www.plasticseurope.org.
[4]Geyer R,Jambeck JR,Law KL.Production,use,and fate of all plastics ever made.Science Advances,2017,3(7):e1700782.
[5]Cole M,Lindeque P,Halsband C et al.Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment:A review.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(12):2588-2597.
[6]Cooper DA,Corcoran PL.Effects of mechanical and chemical processes on the degradation of plastic beach debris on the island of Kauai,Hawaii.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(5):650-655.
[7]Liu Q,Xu XD,Huang W et al.Research advances on the ecological effects of microplastic pollution in the marine environment.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(22):7397-7409.[刘强,徐旭丹,黄伟等.海洋微塑料污染的生态效应研究进展.生态学报,2017,37(22):7397-7409.]
[8]Cózar A,Echevarría F,González-Gordillo JI et al.Plastic debris in the open ocean.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2014,111(28):10239-10244.
[9]Chae Y,An YJ.Effects of micro-and nanoplastics on aquatic ecosystems:Current research trends and perspectives.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,124:624-632.
[10]Galloway TS,Cole M,Lewis C.Interactions ofmicroplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem.Nature Ecology&Evolution,2017,1(5):116-122.
[11]Teuten EL,Saquing JM,Knappe DRU et al.Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2009,364(1526):2027-2045.
[12]Browne MA,Crump P,Niven SJ et al.Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide:Sources and sinks.Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45:9175-9179.
[13]Zhang K,Gong W,Lv J et al.Accumulation of floating microplastics behind the Three Gorges Dam.Environmental Pollution,2015,204:117-123.
[14]Fischer EK,Paglialonga L,Czech E et al.Microplastic pollution in lakes and lake shoreline sediments-A case study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi(central Italy).Environmental Pollution,2016,213:648-657.
[15]Ballent A,Corcoran PL,Madden O et al.Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore,tributary and beach sediments.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,110(1):383-385.
[16]Sruthy S,Ramasamy EV.Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake,Kerala,India:The first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India.Environmental Pollution,2017,222:315-322.
[17]Zhang K,Su J,Xiong X et al.Microplastic pollution of lakeshore sediments from remote lakes in Tibet plateau,China.Environmental Pollution,2016,219:450-455.
[18]Xiong X,Zhang K,Chen X et al.Sources and distribution of microplastics in China's largest inland lake-Qinghai Lake.Environmental Pollution,2018,235:899-906.
[19]Wang W,Yuan W,Chen Y et al.Microplastics in surface waters of Dongting Lake and Hong Lake,China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,633:539-545.
[20]Zhang GS,Liu YF.The distribution ofmicroplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,642:12-20.
[21]Su L,Xue Y,Li L et al.Microplastics in Taihu Lake,China.Environmental Pollution,2016,216:711-719.
[22]Jabeen K,Su L,Li J et al.Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China.Environmental Pollution,2016,221:141-149.
[23]Wang P,Chen B,Zhang H.High throughput sequencing analysis of bacterial communities in soils of a typical Lake Poyang wetland.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(5):1650-1658.[王鹏,陈波,张华.基于高通量测序的鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤细菌群落特征分析.生态学报,2017,37(5):1650-1658.]
[24]Huang X,Hu B,Wang P et al.Microbial diversity in lake-river ecotone of Lake Poyang,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(11):1-7.
[25]Zhang J,Huang XL,Zhang T et al.Effects of heavy metal pollution on microbial community and diversity in lake-river ecotone of Lake Poyang.J Lake Sci,2018,30(3):640-649.DOI:10.18307/2018.0306.[张建,黄小兰,张婷等.鄱阳湖河湖交错带重金属污染对微生物群落与多样性的影响.湖泊科学,2018,30(3):640-649.]
[26]Zhang XR,Shao MQ,Xu T et al.Study on bird diversity in Nanjishan National Nature Reserve,Jiangxi Province during Non-breeding Period.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2011,30(4):649-653.[章旭日,邵明勤,许婷等.江西南矶山国家级自然保护区非繁殖期鸟类多样性研究.四川动物,2011,30(4):649-653.]
[27]Zhou Q,Zhang HB,Li Y et al.Progress on microplastics pollution and its ecological effects in the coastal environment.Chinese Science Bulletin,2015,60:3210-3220.[周倩,章海波,李远等.海岸环境中微塑料污染及其生态效应研究进展.科学通报,2015,60(33):3210-3220.]
[28]Claessens M,Van CL,Vandegehuchte MB et al.New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,70:227-233.
[29]Jian MF,Zhou LY,Yu HP et al.Separation of microplastics from the sediments in the Wetland of the estuary of Raohe River in Longkou of Lake Poyang and their surface microscopic features.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):579-586.[简敏菲,周隆胤,余厚平等.鄱阳湖-饶河入湖段湿地底泥中微塑料的分离及其表面形貌特征.环境科学学报,2018,38(2):579-586.]
[30]Nuelle MT,Dekiff JH,Remy D et al.A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments.Environmental Pollution,2014,184(1):161-169.
[31]Ji WT,Ge G,Li HH et al eds.Lake Poyang-Terrain,hydrology,vegetation.Beijing:Science Press,2017.[纪伟涛,葛刚,李海辉等.鄱阳湖---地形,水文,植被.北京:科学出版社,2017.]
[32]Law KL,Morétferguson S,Maximenko NA et al.Plastic accumulation in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre.Science,2010,329(5996):1185-1188.
[33]Eriksen M,Maximenko N,Thiel M et al.Plastic pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,68(1/2):71-76.
[34]Collignon A,Hecq JH,Glagani F et al.Neustonic microplastic and zooplankton in the North Western Mediterranean Sea.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(4):861-864.
[35]Di M,Wang J.Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,616:1620-1627.
[36]Zhao S,Zhu L,Li D.Microplastic in three urban estuaries,China.Environmental Pollution,2015,206:597-604.
[37]Wang W,Ndungu AW,Li Z et al.Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China:A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan,China.Science of the Total Environment,2016,575:1369-1374.
[38]Zhu XT,Yi J,Qiang LY et al.Distribution and settlement of microplastics in surface sediment of Yangtze Estuary.Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2067-2074.[朱晓桐,衣俊,强丽媛等.长江口潮滩表层沉积物中微塑料的分布及沉降特点.环境科学,2018,39(5):2067-2074.]
[39]Klein S,Worch E,Knepper TP.Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the RhineMain area in Germany.Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(10):6070-6076.
[40]Lee J,Hong S,Song YK et al.Relationships among the abundances of plastic debris in different size classes on beaches in South Korea.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,77(2):349-354.
[41]Veerasingam S,Saha M,Suneel V et al.Characteristics,seasonal distribution and surface degradation features of microplastic pellets along the Goa coast,India.Chemosphere,2016,159:496-505.
[42]Lima ARA,Barletta M,Costa MF.Seasonal distribution and interactions between plankton andmicroplastics in a tropical estuary.Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2015,165:213-225.
[43]Zhao S,Zhu L,Wang T et al.Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System,China:First observations on occurrence,distribution.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,86(1/2):562-568.
[44]Peng G,Zhu B,Yang D et al.Microplastics in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary,China.Environmental Pollution,2017,225:283-290.
[45]Zhou Q,Zhang HB,Fu C et al.The distribution and morphology of microplastics in coastal soils adjacent to the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.Geoderma,2018,322:201-208.
[46]Van CL,Claessens M,Vandegehuchte MB et al.Assessment of marine debris on the Belgian Continental Shelf.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,73(1):161-169.
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