社会排斥与毒品亚文化:青少年群体吸毒的双重诱因及其消解路径
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摘要
毒品已经成为困扰全球的严重社会问题,我国毒品形势也不容乐观,特别是青少年群体吸毒问题尤需重视。论文以"推力-拉力"为分析维度,将资源禀赋薄弱的弱势青少年群体吸毒的双重诱因,划分为社会排斥视角下主流社会的经济排斥、制度排斥、社会关系排斥和文化排斥四种"推力"因素,以及毒品亚文化中价值观念的契合、社会互动的需求、文化压力的强化三方面"拉力"因素,以此来剖析其吸毒行为的生成逻辑。最后,论文以社会融合为目标,分别从社会支持网络的支撑路径与宣传教育的化解路径,提出消解青少年吸毒群体"反推力-反拉力"的综合模式。
Drug abuse has become a global social problem,and the drug situation is not optimistic in China. The problem of drug abuse among young people is serious. Based on the "push and pull theory " analysis,this article divides the dual causes of drug abuse among youth into four kinds of "push " factors,including economic exclusion,identity exclusion, social relationship exclusion, and cultural exclusion from the perspective of social exclusion. The "pull"factorsare divided into three aspects: the fit of values,the demand of social interaction,and the strengthening of cultural pressure from the perspective of the drug subculture. Meanwhile, this article analyzes the mechanism of interaction between the dual reasons of drug abuse. Finally,with the goal of achieving social integration,this article proposes a comprehensive model for eliminating the "reverse push and pull " of young drug users from the support path of a social support network and the path of propaganda and education.
Drug abuse has become a global social problem,and the drug situation is not optimistic in China. The problem of drug abuse among young people is serious. Based on the "push and pull theory " analysis,this article divides the dual causes of drug abuse among youth into four kinds of "push " factors,including economic exclusion,identity exclusion, social relationship exclusion, and cultural exclusion from the perspective of social exclusion. The "pull"factorsare divided into three aspects: the fit of values,the demand of social interaction,and the strengthening of cultural pressure from the perspective of the drug subculture. Meanwhile, this article analyzes the mechanism of interaction between the dual reasons of drug abuse. Finally,with the goal of achieving social integration,this article proposes a comprehensive model for eliminating the "reverse push and pull " of young drug users from the support path of a social support network and the path of propaganda and education.
引文
阿马蒂亚·森(2005).论社会排斥.王燕燕摘译.经济社会体制比较,3:1-7.
安东尼·吉登斯(2009).社会学.李康译.北京大学出版社.
迪克·赫伯迪格.(2009).亚文化:风格的意义.陆道夫、胡疆峰译.北京:北京大学出版社.
方贻儒(2003).迷失的乐园——烟、酒、毒品成瘾行为案例.上海:上海人民出版社.
韩丹(2017).吸毒人群成瘾问题的社会学研究:以江苏为例.上海:上海社会科学院出版社.
韩庆龄(2018).结构边缘与文化排斥:农村“老实人”光棍的社会形成机制.青年研究,420(3):81-89.
李竞能(2004).现代西方人口理论.上海:复旦大学出版社.
李强(2003).影响中国城乡流动人口的推力与拉力因素分析.中国社会科学,1:125-136.
廖龙辉(2001).当前青少年吸毒行为现状及其成因的社会学分析.青年探索,4:48-52.
林少真(2015).制度排斥与社会接纳:吸毒人员回归社会的困境与出路.贵州社会科学,5:48-52.
刘柳、段慧娟(2018).毒友圈与圈子亚文化:青年女性之吸毒生涯扩张期探析.中国青年研究,1:11-17.
刘能、宋庆宇(2015).吸毒人群增量的社会结构因素研究.华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),29(4):96-102.
卢鹏、韩昀(2015).伯明翰学派青年亚文化研究范式转换及权力的运作方式.青年探索,2:58-67.
孟登迎(2008).“亚文化”概念形成史浅析.外国文学,6:93-102.
陶东风、胡疆锋主编(2011).亚文化读本.北京:北京大学出版社.
王嘉顺、林少真(2014).社会排斥与另类的生活空间:青年吸毒行为的影响机制分析.东南学术,4:165-174
王君、买吾拉尼·买买提依明、阮玉华、刘敏生、顾媛、陈阳贵 (2006).新疆乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次吸毒的影响因素分析.中国药物滥用防治杂志,3:125-127.
王玉香(2011).青少年吸毒现象及社会工作介入策略.中国青年研究,12:24-27.
夏国美(2003).社会学视野下的禁毒研究——青少年吸毒问题调查.社会科学,10:65-74.
向德平、唐莉华(2006).农村艾滋病患者的社会排斥——以湖北农村的调查为例.华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),38(6):36-42.
新华社(2017).联合国报告:全球2950万人吸毒成瘾.新华网:http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2017-06/23/c_1121199044.htm.2019年2月1日访问.
杨庆堃(2007).中国社会中的宗教:宗教的现代社会功能及其历史因素之研究.范丽珠译.上海:上海人民出版社.
曾群、魏雁滨(2004).失业与社会排斥:一个分析框架.社会学研究,3:11-20.
中国国家禁毒委员会办公室(2017).2016年中国毒品形势报告.中国禁毒网:http://www.nncc626.com/2017-03/27/c_129519255.htm.2019年4月12日访问.
中国国家禁毒委员会办公室(2018).2017年中国毒品形势报告.中国禁毒报,6月25日,第002版.
钟莹(2010).建构主义视角下的吸毒者与社会的“双向排斥”机制及解决策略.福建论坛(人文社会科学版),5:157-161.
Bennett,T.(2000).Drugs and Crime:The Results of the Second Developmental Stage of the New-Adam Programme.Available at(Apr.12,2019):https://lemosandcrane.co.uk/resources/HO%20-%202nd%20stage%20NEW-ADAM.pdf.
Berghman,J.(1995).Social Exclusion in Europe.Policy Context and Analytical Framework.In Room,G.Ed.Beyond the Threshold:The Measurement and Analysis of Social Exclusion.Cambridge:Polity Press.
Buchanan,J.(2004).Missing Links?Problem Drug Use and Social Exclusion' in Probation Journal Special Edition on Rethinking Drugs and Crime.Sage Publications,4(51):393.
Buchanan,J.& Young,L.(1995).Drug Relapse Prevention:Giving Users a Voice-A Report for Bootle Maritime City Challenge.Available at(Apr.10,2019):https://www.academia.edu/3495820/RESEARCH_REPORT_Drugs_Relapse_Prevention_Giving_users_a_voice.
Buchanan,J.& Young,L.(2000).The War on Drugs—A War on Drug Users?.Drugs:Education Prevention & Policy,7(4):409-422.
Burchardt,T.,Grand,J.L.& Piachaud,D.(1999).Social Exclusion in Britain 1991-1995.Social Policy & Administration,33(3):227-244.
Burr,A.(1987).Chasing the Dragon:Heroin Misuse,Delinquency and Crime in the Context of South London.British Journal of Criminology,27:333-357.
Chin,K.L.& Zhang,S.X.(2007).The Chinese Connection:Cross-Border Drug Trafficking Between Myanmar and China.Final Report to the United States Department of Justice (Unpublished),National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
Christle,C.A.,Jolivette,K.& Nelson,C.M.(2005).Breaking The School to Prison Pipeline:Identifying School Risk and Protective Factors for Youth Delinquency.Exceptionality,13(2):69-88.
Cohen,A.(1955).Delinquent Boys:The Culture of Gang.New York:New York Free Press.
Figueroa,A.,Altamirano,T.& Sulmont,D.(1995).Social Exclusion and Social Inequality in Peru.In Rodgers,G.,Gore,C.& Figueiredo,J.B.Eds.Social Exclusion:Rhetoric,Reality and Responses.Geneva:International Labour Organization (International Institute for Labour Studies).
Gordon,D.et al.(2000).Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain.New York:Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Kathryn Urberg,K.A.,Luo,Q.,Pilgrim,C.& Degirmencioglu,S.M.(2003).A Two-Stage Model of Peer Influence in Adolescent Substance Use:Individual and Relationship-Specific Differences in Susceptibility to Influence.Addictive Behaviors,28(7):1243-1256.
Kendler,K.S.,Gardner,C.O.& Prescott,C.A.(2003).Personality and the Experience of Environmental Adversity.Psychological Medicine,33(7):1193-1202.
Kreek,M.J.,Nielsen,D.A.,Butelman,E.R.& Laforge,K.S.(2005).Genetic Influences on Impulsivity,Risk Taking,Stress Responsivity and Vulnerability to Drug Abuse and Addiction.Nature Neuroscience,8(11):1450-1457.
Kronauer,M.(1998).Social Exclusion and `Underclass —New Concepts for the Analysis of Poverty.In Andre?,H.J.Ed.Empirical Poverty Research in a Comparative Perspective.Alershot:Ashgate.
Lenoir,R.(1974).Les Exclus:Un Francis Sux Dix.Paris:Seuil.
Littlewood,P.& Herkommer,S.(1999).Identifying Social Exclusion:Some Problems of Meaning.In Littlewood,P.,Glorieux,I.,Herkommer,S.& Jonsson,I.Eds.Social Exclusion in Europe:Problems and Paradigms.Aldershot:Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Madanipour,A.(2005).Social Exclusion and Space.载于海主编《城市社会学文选》.上海:复旦大学出版社.
Odgers,C.L.,Caspi,A.,Russell,M.A.,Sampson,R.J.,Arseneault,L.& Moffitt,T.E.(2012).Supportive Parenting Mediates Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disparities in Childrens Antisocial Behavior From Ages 5 to 12.Development and Psychopathology,24(3):705-721.
Ornelas,I.J.& Perreira,K.M.(2011).The Role of Migration in the Development of Depressive Symptoms Among Latino Immigrant Parents in the USA.Social Science & Medicine,73(8):1169-1177.
Percy-Smith,J.(2000).Introduction:The Contours of Social Exclusion.In Percy-Smith,J.Ed.Policy Responses to Social Exclusion:Towards Inclusion?.Buckingham:Open University Press.
Preble,E.& Casey,J.J.(1969).Taking Care of Business—The Heroin User's Life on the Street.International Journal of the Addictions,4(1):1-24.
Ramo,D.E.,Grov,C.,Delucchi,K.,Kelly,B.C.& Parsons,J.T.(2010).Typology of Club Drug Use Among Young Adults Recruited Using Time-Space Sampling.Drug & Alcohol Dependence,107(2-3):119-127.
Richardson,L.& Grand,J.L.(2002).Outsider and Insider Expertise:The Response of Residents of Deprived Neighbourhoods to an Academic Definition of Social Exclusion.Social Policy & Administration,36(5):496-515.
Saechao,F.,Sharrock,S.,Reicherter,D.,Livingston,J.D.,Aylward,A.,Whisnant,J.,Koopman,C.& Kohli,S.(2012).Stressors and Barriers to Using Mental Health Services Among Diverse Groups of First-Generation Immigrants to The United States.Community Mental Health Journal,48(1):98-106.
Sandage,S.A.& Chudacoff,H.P.(2000).The Age of the Bachelor:Creating an American Subculture.The Journal of American History,87(2):684-685.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.(2012).World Drug Report 2012.Available at(Apr.12,2019):https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.html.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.(2018a).World Drug Report 2018 Drugs and Age Drugs and Associated Issues among Young People and Older People.Available at(Apr.12,2019):https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.(2018b).World Drug Report 2018 Executive Summary Conclusions and Policy Implications.Available at(Apr.12,2019):https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018.
安东尼·吉登斯(2009).社会学.李康译.北京大学出版社.
迪克·赫伯迪格.(2009).亚文化:风格的意义.陆道夫、胡疆峰译.北京:北京大学出版社.
方贻儒(2003).迷失的乐园——烟、酒、毒品成瘾行为案例.上海:上海人民出版社.
韩丹(2017).吸毒人群成瘾问题的社会学研究:以江苏为例.上海:上海社会科学院出版社.
韩庆龄(2018).结构边缘与文化排斥:农村“老实人”光棍的社会形成机制.青年研究,420(3):81-89.
李竞能(2004).现代西方人口理论.上海:复旦大学出版社.
李强(2003).影响中国城乡流动人口的推力与拉力因素分析.中国社会科学,1:125-136.
廖龙辉(2001).当前青少年吸毒行为现状及其成因的社会学分析.青年探索,4:48-52.
林少真(2015).制度排斥与社会接纳:吸毒人员回归社会的困境与出路.贵州社会科学,5:48-52.
刘柳、段慧娟(2018).毒友圈与圈子亚文化:青年女性之吸毒生涯扩张期探析.中国青年研究,1:11-17.
刘能、宋庆宇(2015).吸毒人群增量的社会结构因素研究.华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),29(4):96-102.
卢鹏、韩昀(2015).伯明翰学派青年亚文化研究范式转换及权力的运作方式.青年探索,2:58-67.
孟登迎(2008).“亚文化”概念形成史浅析.外国文学,6:93-102.
陶东风、胡疆锋主编(2011).亚文化读本.北京:北京大学出版社.
王嘉顺、林少真(2014).社会排斥与另类的生活空间:青年吸毒行为的影响机制分析.东南学术,4:165-174
王君、买吾拉尼·买买提依明、阮玉华、刘敏生、顾媛、陈阳贵 (2006).新疆乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次吸毒的影响因素分析.中国药物滥用防治杂志,3:125-127.
王玉香(2011).青少年吸毒现象及社会工作介入策略.中国青年研究,12:24-27.
夏国美(2003).社会学视野下的禁毒研究——青少年吸毒问题调查.社会科学,10:65-74.
向德平、唐莉华(2006).农村艾滋病患者的社会排斥——以湖北农村的调查为例.华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),38(6):36-42.
新华社(2017).联合国报告:全球2950万人吸毒成瘾.新华网:http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2017-06/23/c_1121199044.htm.2019年2月1日访问.
杨庆堃(2007).中国社会中的宗教:宗教的现代社会功能及其历史因素之研究.范丽珠译.上海:上海人民出版社.
曾群、魏雁滨(2004).失业与社会排斥:一个分析框架.社会学研究,3:11-20.
中国国家禁毒委员会办公室(2017).2016年中国毒品形势报告.中国禁毒网:http://www.nncc626.com/2017-03/27/c_129519255.htm.2019年4月12日访问.
中国国家禁毒委员会办公室(2018).2017年中国毒品形势报告.中国禁毒报,6月25日,第002版.
钟莹(2010).建构主义视角下的吸毒者与社会的“双向排斥”机制及解决策略.福建论坛(人文社会科学版),5:157-161.
Bennett,T.(2000).Drugs and Crime:The Results of the Second Developmental Stage of the New-Adam Programme.Available at(Apr.12,2019):https://lemosandcrane.co.uk/resources/HO%20-%202nd%20stage%20NEW-ADAM.pdf.
Berghman,J.(1995).Social Exclusion in Europe.Policy Context and Analytical Framework.In Room,G.Ed.Beyond the Threshold:The Measurement and Analysis of Social Exclusion.Cambridge:Polity Press.
Buchanan,J.(2004).Missing Links?Problem Drug Use and Social Exclusion' in Probation Journal Special Edition on Rethinking Drugs and Crime.Sage Publications,4(51):393.
Buchanan,J.& Young,L.(1995).Drug Relapse Prevention:Giving Users a Voice-A Report for Bootle Maritime City Challenge.Available at(Apr.10,2019):https://www.academia.edu/3495820/RESEARCH_REPORT_Drugs_Relapse_Prevention_Giving_users_a_voice.
Buchanan,J.& Young,L.(2000).The War on Drugs—A War on Drug Users?.Drugs:Education Prevention & Policy,7(4):409-422.
Burchardt,T.,Grand,J.L.& Piachaud,D.(1999).Social Exclusion in Britain 1991-1995.Social Policy & Administration,33(3):227-244.
Burr,A.(1987).Chasing the Dragon:Heroin Misuse,Delinquency and Crime in the Context of South London.British Journal of Criminology,27:333-357.
Chin,K.L.& Zhang,S.X.(2007).The Chinese Connection:Cross-Border Drug Trafficking Between Myanmar and China.Final Report to the United States Department of Justice (Unpublished),National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
Christle,C.A.,Jolivette,K.& Nelson,C.M.(2005).Breaking The School to Prison Pipeline:Identifying School Risk and Protective Factors for Youth Delinquency.Exceptionality,13(2):69-88.
Cohen,A.(1955).Delinquent Boys:The Culture of Gang.New York:New York Free Press.
Figueroa,A.,Altamirano,T.& Sulmont,D.(1995).Social Exclusion and Social Inequality in Peru.In Rodgers,G.,Gore,C.& Figueiredo,J.B.Eds.Social Exclusion:Rhetoric,Reality and Responses.Geneva:International Labour Organization (International Institute for Labour Studies).
Gordon,D.et al.(2000).Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain.New York:Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Kathryn Urberg,K.A.,Luo,Q.,Pilgrim,C.& Degirmencioglu,S.M.(2003).A Two-Stage Model of Peer Influence in Adolescent Substance Use:Individual and Relationship-Specific Differences in Susceptibility to Influence.Addictive Behaviors,28(7):1243-1256.
Kendler,K.S.,Gardner,C.O.& Prescott,C.A.(2003).Personality and the Experience of Environmental Adversity.Psychological Medicine,33(7):1193-1202.
Kreek,M.J.,Nielsen,D.A.,Butelman,E.R.& Laforge,K.S.(2005).Genetic Influences on Impulsivity,Risk Taking,Stress Responsivity and Vulnerability to Drug Abuse and Addiction.Nature Neuroscience,8(11):1450-1457.
Kronauer,M.(1998).Social Exclusion and `Underclass —New Concepts for the Analysis of Poverty.In Andre?,H.J.Ed.Empirical Poverty Research in a Comparative Perspective.Alershot:Ashgate.
Lenoir,R.(1974).Les Exclus:Un Francis Sux Dix.Paris:Seuil.
Littlewood,P.& Herkommer,S.(1999).Identifying Social Exclusion:Some Problems of Meaning.In Littlewood,P.,Glorieux,I.,Herkommer,S.& Jonsson,I.Eds.Social Exclusion in Europe:Problems and Paradigms.Aldershot:Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Madanipour,A.(2005).Social Exclusion and Space.载于海主编《城市社会学文选》.上海:复旦大学出版社.
Odgers,C.L.,Caspi,A.,Russell,M.A.,Sampson,R.J.,Arseneault,L.& Moffitt,T.E.(2012).Supportive Parenting Mediates Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disparities in Childrens Antisocial Behavior From Ages 5 to 12.Development and Psychopathology,24(3):705-721.
Ornelas,I.J.& Perreira,K.M.(2011).The Role of Migration in the Development of Depressive Symptoms Among Latino Immigrant Parents in the USA.Social Science & Medicine,73(8):1169-1177.
Percy-Smith,J.(2000).Introduction:The Contours of Social Exclusion.In Percy-Smith,J.Ed.Policy Responses to Social Exclusion:Towards Inclusion?.Buckingham:Open University Press.
Preble,E.& Casey,J.J.(1969).Taking Care of Business—The Heroin User's Life on the Street.International Journal of the Addictions,4(1):1-24.
Ramo,D.E.,Grov,C.,Delucchi,K.,Kelly,B.C.& Parsons,J.T.(2010).Typology of Club Drug Use Among Young Adults Recruited Using Time-Space Sampling.Drug & Alcohol Dependence,107(2-3):119-127.
Richardson,L.& Grand,J.L.(2002).Outsider and Insider Expertise:The Response of Residents of Deprived Neighbourhoods to an Academic Definition of Social Exclusion.Social Policy & Administration,36(5):496-515.
Saechao,F.,Sharrock,S.,Reicherter,D.,Livingston,J.D.,Aylward,A.,Whisnant,J.,Koopman,C.& Kohli,S.(2012).Stressors and Barriers to Using Mental Health Services Among Diverse Groups of First-Generation Immigrants to The United States.Community Mental Health Journal,48(1):98-106.
Sandage,S.A.& Chudacoff,H.P.(2000).The Age of the Bachelor:Creating an American Subculture.The Journal of American History,87(2):684-685.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.(2012).World Drug Report 2012.Available at(Apr.12,2019):https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.html.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.(2018a).World Drug Report 2018 Drugs and Age Drugs and Associated Issues among Young People and Older People.Available at(Apr.12,2019):https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.(2018b).World Drug Report 2018 Executive Summary Conclusions and Policy Implications.Available at(Apr.12,2019):https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018.
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