句法成分长度对汉语二语学习者韵律组块的影响
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摘要
本文考察在不同位置、不同长度的句法成分影响下,汉语学习者韵律边界产生的频率和强度。本研究收集了15名韩国汉语学习者和15名汉语母语者看后复述任务中的口语语料,并通过3名母语者的听觉判断找出语料的韵律边界,对边界处的时长特征进行分析。结果表明:中心词的位置对母语者和学习者韵律边界的停顿频率产生影响,当句子主语成分和宾语成分较长时,停顿频率显著高于谓语成分较长的句子;学习者的延长频率受到句法成分长度的影响;体现边界强度的停顿时长和边界前音节延长量均未受到句法成分长度的影响。
This paper investigated how learners of Chinese incorporated prosodic specifications such as boundaries and breaks to group or chunk the language content into prosodic units,under the effect of syntactic constituency length.Fifteen Chinese as a second language learners were included in the research and fifteen Chinese native speakers' performances were recorded as the baseline.Participants' speech production was elicited by sentence memorization task,and the sentences were transcribed and analyzed by Praat(5.4).The results showed that the syntactic constituency length exerted a significant influence on the learners' prosodic grouping abilities;when the object and the subject are longer than the predicate,the boundary pause rate was higher in both the learners' and the native speakers' sentence production;the learners' boundary lengthening rate was influenced by the syntactic constituency length whereas that of the native speakers' was not;boundary strength including the pause duration and the lengthening was not influenced by syntactic constituency length in either groups.
This paper investigated how learners of Chinese incorporated prosodic specifications such as boundaries and breaks to group or chunk the language content into prosodic units,under the effect of syntactic constituency length.Fifteen Chinese as a second language learners were included in the research and fifteen Chinese native speakers' performances were recorded as the baseline.Participants' speech production was elicited by sentence memorization task,and the sentences were transcribed and analyzed by Praat(5.4).The results showed that the syntactic constituency length exerted a significant influence on the learners' prosodic grouping abilities;when the object and the subject are longer than the predicate,the boundary pause rate was higher in both the learners' and the native speakers' sentence production;the learners' boundary lengthening rate was influenced by the syntactic constituency length whereas that of the native speakers' was not;boundary strength including the pause duration and the lengthening was not influenced by syntactic constituency length in either groups.
引文
曹剑芬2001汉语韵律切分的语音学和语言学线索,载《新世纪的现代语音学---第五届全国现代语音学学术会议论文集》,清华大学出版社。
高思畅、王建勤2018韩国汉语学习者口语韵律组块的特征,《云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版)》第1期。
王茂林2011《汉语自然话语韵律模式研究》,暨南大学出版社。
Bachenko,Joan,Eileen Fitzpatrick&Charles E.Wright 1986 The contribution of parsing to prosodic phrasing in an experimental text-to-speech system.In Alan Biermann(ed.)Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics,145-155.PA:Association for Computational Linguistics Stroudsburg.
Daneman,Meredyth 1991 Working memory as a predictor of verbal fluency.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 20(6):445-464.
Ferreira,Fernanda 1993 Creation of prosody during sentence production.Psychological Review100(2):233-253.
Ferreira,Fernanda 2007 Prosody and performance in language production.Language and Cognitive Processes 22(8):1151-1177.
Ferreira,Fernanda&Hossein Karimi 2015 Prosody,performance,and cognitive skill:Evidence from individual differences.In Lyn Frazier&Edward Gibson(eds.)Explicit and Implicit Prosody in Sentence Processing,119-132.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing.
Fortkamp,Mmota.B.M.1999 Working Memory Capacity and L2 Speech Production.Centro de Comunica92o e Express2o:Florianópolis Sc.
Gee,James Paul&Frankois Grosjean 1983 Performance structures:A psycholinguistic and linguistic appraisal.Cognitive Psychology15(4):411-458.
Grant,Ken W.&Brian E.Walden 1996 Spectral distribution of prosodic information.Journal of Speech,Language and Hearing Research 39(2):228-238.
Kormos,Judith F.2006 Speech Production and Second Language Acquisition.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sternberg,Saul,Stephen Monsell,Ronald L.Knoll&Charles E.Wright 1980 The latency and duration of rapid movement sequences:Comparisons of speech and typewriting.In George E.Stelmach(ed.)Information Processing in Motor Control and Learning,117-152.Netherlands:Elsevier.
Streeter,Lynn A.1978 Acoustic determinants of phrase boundary perception.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 64(6):1582-1592.
Temple,Bogusia 1997 Watch your tongue:Issues in translation and cross-cultural research.Sociology 31(3):607-618.
Turner,Martin&Rack Ridsdale 2004 The Study of Dyslexia.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing.
Wagner,Michael 2005 Prosody and recursion.Ph.D.dissertation,Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Wagner,Michael&Duane Watson 2010 Experimental and theoretical advances in prosody:A review.Language and Cognitive Processes 25(7-9):905-945.
Watson,Duane&Edward Gibson 2004 The relationship between intonational phrasing and syntactic structure in language production.Language and Cognitive Processes 19(6):713-755.
(1)韵律边界通过语料标注获得,三名听者参加语料韵律边界的标注,听者平均年龄为27岁,听力正常,听者通过听觉判断,标注出能感受到“语流间断”的地方,标注结果遵循2名及以上的听者的判断一致为准。通过汇总3名听者的标注结果,得出每一个被试的语料切分情况。研究者获得语料的切分情况后,通过Praat(5.4)软件标注出每一个被试的语料中韵律边界处产生停顿和音节发生延长的地方。
(2)通过卡方检验,结果显示大部分被试将所有实验句判定为“2简单以及1很简单”。同时,根据五度量表的打分,每一个句子都有30名被试的打分平均分,根据Z分数标准化法,认为±2.5个标准差以外的句子为异常值,以此为标准剔除了4个打分较高也就是较难的句子。
(3)将该测量版本翻译为韩国语版本,并邀请一名韩国女性发音人进行数字录音,在测量中播放给每一位被试测量。
(4)统计方法参见舒华、张亚旭的《心理学研究方法---实验设计和数据分析》(2008),人民教育出版社。
高思畅、王建勤2018韩国汉语学习者口语韵律组块的特征,《云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版)》第1期。
王茂林2011《汉语自然话语韵律模式研究》,暨南大学出版社。
Bachenko,Joan,Eileen Fitzpatrick&Charles E.Wright 1986 The contribution of parsing to prosodic phrasing in an experimental text-to-speech system.In Alan Biermann(ed.)Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics,145-155.PA:Association for Computational Linguistics Stroudsburg.
Daneman,Meredyth 1991 Working memory as a predictor of verbal fluency.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 20(6):445-464.
Ferreira,Fernanda 1993 Creation of prosody during sentence production.Psychological Review100(2):233-253.
Ferreira,Fernanda 2007 Prosody and performance in language production.Language and Cognitive Processes 22(8):1151-1177.
Ferreira,Fernanda&Hossein Karimi 2015 Prosody,performance,and cognitive skill:Evidence from individual differences.In Lyn Frazier&Edward Gibson(eds.)Explicit and Implicit Prosody in Sentence Processing,119-132.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing.
Fortkamp,Mmota.B.M.1999 Working Memory Capacity and L2 Speech Production.Centro de Comunica92o e Express2o:Florianópolis Sc.
Gee,James Paul&Frankois Grosjean 1983 Performance structures:A psycholinguistic and linguistic appraisal.Cognitive Psychology15(4):411-458.
Grant,Ken W.&Brian E.Walden 1996 Spectral distribution of prosodic information.Journal of Speech,Language and Hearing Research 39(2):228-238.
Kormos,Judith F.2006 Speech Production and Second Language Acquisition.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sternberg,Saul,Stephen Monsell,Ronald L.Knoll&Charles E.Wright 1980 The latency and duration of rapid movement sequences:Comparisons of speech and typewriting.In George E.Stelmach(ed.)Information Processing in Motor Control and Learning,117-152.Netherlands:Elsevier.
Streeter,Lynn A.1978 Acoustic determinants of phrase boundary perception.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 64(6):1582-1592.
Temple,Bogusia 1997 Watch your tongue:Issues in translation and cross-cultural research.Sociology 31(3):607-618.
Turner,Martin&Rack Ridsdale 2004 The Study of Dyslexia.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing.
Wagner,Michael 2005 Prosody and recursion.Ph.D.dissertation,Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Wagner,Michael&Duane Watson 2010 Experimental and theoretical advances in prosody:A review.Language and Cognitive Processes 25(7-9):905-945.
Watson,Duane&Edward Gibson 2004 The relationship between intonational phrasing and syntactic structure in language production.Language and Cognitive Processes 19(6):713-755.
(1)韵律边界通过语料标注获得,三名听者参加语料韵律边界的标注,听者平均年龄为27岁,听力正常,听者通过听觉判断,标注出能感受到“语流间断”的地方,标注结果遵循2名及以上的听者的判断一致为准。通过汇总3名听者的标注结果,得出每一个被试的语料切分情况。研究者获得语料的切分情况后,通过Praat(5.4)软件标注出每一个被试的语料中韵律边界处产生停顿和音节发生延长的地方。
(2)通过卡方检验,结果显示大部分被试将所有实验句判定为“2简单以及1很简单”。同时,根据五度量表的打分,每一个句子都有30名被试的打分平均分,根据Z分数标准化法,认为±2.5个标准差以外的句子为异常值,以此为标准剔除了4个打分较高也就是较难的句子。
(3)将该测量版本翻译为韩国语版本,并邀请一名韩国女性发音人进行数字录音,在测量中播放给每一位被试测量。
(4)统计方法参见舒华、张亚旭的《心理学研究方法---实验设计和数据分析》(2008),人民教育出版社。