基于LUCC的泾河流域景观格局与径流的响应关系
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摘要
量化分析土地利用/覆被和景观格局变化与径流的响应关系对于科学认识、评估和管理区域水资源及其生态修复具有极为重要的理论价值和现实意义。基于GIS和Fragstats等软件,文中分析了泾河流域土地利用类型和景观格局变化及其对径流的影响。结果表明:1)降水量呈现先下降后微弱上升的变化规律且年际变化剧烈,其最大值和最小值分别为713. 49mm(2003年)和348. 18mm(1997年);径流量则表现为逐渐减少的趋势,其最大值和最小值分别为72. 16mm(1966年)和13. 59mm(2004年)。2) 1980-2010年,该流域的景观类型以耕地和草地为主,二者占总面积的87%以上;其次是林地,占比8. 98-9. 97%;而水域、建设用地和未利用土地仅占1. 96-2. 39%。受退耕还林还草等工程实施的影响,森林和草地的面积分别增加了447. 08km2和201. 58km2。3)研究期内流域景观格局朝着低连通、破碎化和异质性高的方向演变。相关分析表明:蔓延度指数(CONTAG)和面积加权平均斑块形状指数(AWMSI)与年径流深呈显著正相关,说明各斑块之间聚集程度的增加和斑块形状的复杂化有利于径流的形成,而斑块数量(NP)、斑块密度(PD)、景观分割度(DIVISION)和Shannon均匀度指数(SHEI)与年径流深呈显著负相关,说明景观破碎化和异质性的提高对径流有明显的阻滞作用。
Quantitative analysis of the impacts of land use change and landscape pattern on runoff has great theoretical value and practical significance to understand,evaluate and manage water resources and ecological restoration in a given watershed.In this research,the effects of changes in land use and landscape pattern on runoff were analyzed by using GIS and Fragstats software.The results showed: 1) Precipitation showed a trend of first decrease and then increase,with a drastically variation during 1966-2010; the maximum and the minimum of annual rainfall were 713.49 mm in 2003 and 348.18 mm in 1997 respectively.While average annual runoff showed a downward trend,and the maximum and the minimum of annual rainfall were 72.16 mm in 1966 and13.59 mm in 2004 respectively.2) Farmland and grassland were the two dominant landscape types,accounted for over 87% of total area of the watershed; forests was followed with a ratio of 8.98%-9.97%; water area,construction land and unused land only accounted for 1.96%-2.39% together.Areas of forests and grassland increased by 447.08 km2 and 201.58 km2,respectively,due to the practice of Grain for Green project,etc.3)Landscape pattern of the watershed tended to be characterized by deceasing of connectivity and increasing of fragmentation and heterogeneity from 1980 to 2010.Correlation analysis showed that contagion index( CONTAG)and area-weighted mean shape index( AWMSI) were significantly positive correlation with runoff,indicating the increase of aggregation degree between patches and the shape complexity of patch were conducive to the formation of runoff.However,significantly negative relationships between runoff and number of patches( NP),patch density( PD),landscape division index( DIVISION) and Shannon's evenness index( SHEI) meant the fragmentation and heterogeneity of landscape contributed to impede the development of runoff.
Quantitative analysis of the impacts of land use change and landscape pattern on runoff has great theoretical value and practical significance to understand,evaluate and manage water resources and ecological restoration in a given watershed.In this research,the effects of changes in land use and landscape pattern on runoff were analyzed by using GIS and Fragstats software.The results showed: 1) Precipitation showed a trend of first decrease and then increase,with a drastically variation during 1966-2010; the maximum and the minimum of annual rainfall were 713.49 mm in 2003 and 348.18 mm in 1997 respectively.While average annual runoff showed a downward trend,and the maximum and the minimum of annual rainfall were 72.16 mm in 1966 and13.59 mm in 2004 respectively.2) Farmland and grassland were the two dominant landscape types,accounted for over 87% of total area of the watershed; forests was followed with a ratio of 8.98%-9.97%; water area,construction land and unused land only accounted for 1.96%-2.39% together.Areas of forests and grassland increased by 447.08 km2 and 201.58 km2,respectively,due to the practice of Grain for Green project,etc.3)Landscape pattern of the watershed tended to be characterized by deceasing of connectivity and increasing of fragmentation and heterogeneity from 1980 to 2010.Correlation analysis showed that contagion index( CONTAG)and area-weighted mean shape index( AWMSI) were significantly positive correlation with runoff,indicating the increase of aggregation degree between patches and the shape complexity of patch were conducive to the formation of runoff.However,significantly negative relationships between runoff and number of patches( NP),patch density( PD),landscape division index( DIVISION) and Shannon's evenness index( SHEI) meant the fragmentation and heterogeneity of landscape contributed to impede the development of runoff.
引文
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[14]陈晨,罗军刚,解建仓,等.泾河流域近80a径流变化趋势及特征分析[J].人民黄河,2013,35(1):26-28.
[15]张淑兰,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.泾河流域近50年来的径流时空变化与驱动力分析[J].地理科学,2011,31(6):721-727.
[16]刘革非.气候变化与土地利用变化对泾河流域径流和输沙的影响[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2011.
[17]张淑兰,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.人类活动对泾河流域径流时空变化的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(6):66-72.
[18]贺亮亮,张淑兰,于澎涛,等.泾河流域的降水径流影响及其空间尺度效应[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(3):415-421.
[19]郑培龙,李云霞,赵阳,等.黄土高原泾河流域气候和土地利用变化对径流产沙的影响[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(5):20-24.
[20]穆兴民,张秀勤,高鹏,等.双累积曲线方法理论及在水文气象领域应用中应注意的问题[J].水文,2010,30(4):47-51.
[21]刘旭辉,余新晓,赵阳.北京山区典型小流域景观格局变化对径流的影响[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(5):39-44.
[22]王朗,徐延达,傅伯杰,等.半干旱区景观格局与生态水文过程研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(11):1239-1246.
[23]冉大川,赵力仪,王宏,等.黄河中游地区梯田减洪减沙作用分析[J].人民黄河,2005,27(1):51-53.
[24]黄志霖,田耀武,肖文发,等.三峡库区典型农林流域景观格局对径流和泥沙输出的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(23):7487-7495.
[2]Flamenco-Sandoval A,Ramos M M,Masera O R. Assessing implications of land-use and land-cover change dynamics for conservation of a highly diverse tropical rain forest[J]. Biological Conservation,2007,138(1-2):131-145.
[3]王盛萍,张志强,孙阁,等.黄土高原流域土地利用变化水文动态响应-以甘肃天水吕二沟流域为例[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(1):48-54.
[4]李昌峰,高俊峰,曹慧.土地利用变化对水资源影响研究的现状和趋势[J].土壤,2002,34(4):191-196,205.
[5]王金花,李占斌,张荣刚,等.水蚀风蚀交错区流域景观格局变化及水沙响应关系[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):68-75.
[6]Huang C,Geiger E L,Kupfer J A. Sensitivity of landscape metrics to classification scheme[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2006,27(14):2927-2948.
[7]王计平,杨磊,卫伟,等.黄土丘陵区景观格局对水土流失过程的影响-景观水平与多尺度比较[J].生态学报,2011,31(19):5739-5748.
[8]李晶,周自翔.延河流域景观格局与生态水文过程分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(7):933-944.
[9]黄青.塔里木河中游景观格局与生态水文过程的耦合分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(9):83-87.
[10]宋冬梅,肖笃宁,张志城,等.甘肃民勤绿洲的景观格局变化及驱动力分析[J].应用生态学报,2003(4):535-539.
[11]邱国玉,尹婧,熊育久,等.北方干旱化和土地利用变化对泾河流域径流的影响[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(2):211-218.
[12]Chang J,Zhang H,Wang Y,et al. Assessing the impact of climate variability and human activities on streamflow variation[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2016,20(4):1547-1560.
[13]袁素芬,唐海萍.全球气候变化下黄土高原泾河流域近40年的气候变化特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(9):43-48.
[14]陈晨,罗军刚,解建仓,等.泾河流域近80a径流变化趋势及特征分析[J].人民黄河,2013,35(1):26-28.
[15]张淑兰,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.泾河流域近50年来的径流时空变化与驱动力分析[J].地理科学,2011,31(6):721-727.
[16]刘革非.气候变化与土地利用变化对泾河流域径流和输沙的影响[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2011.
[17]张淑兰,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.人类活动对泾河流域径流时空变化的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(6):66-72.
[18]贺亮亮,张淑兰,于澎涛,等.泾河流域的降水径流影响及其空间尺度效应[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(3):415-421.
[19]郑培龙,李云霞,赵阳,等.黄土高原泾河流域气候和土地利用变化对径流产沙的影响[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(5):20-24.
[20]穆兴民,张秀勤,高鹏,等.双累积曲线方法理论及在水文气象领域应用中应注意的问题[J].水文,2010,30(4):47-51.
[21]刘旭辉,余新晓,赵阳.北京山区典型小流域景观格局变化对径流的影响[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(5):39-44.
[22]王朗,徐延达,傅伯杰,等.半干旱区景观格局与生态水文过程研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(11):1239-1246.
[23]冉大川,赵力仪,王宏,等.黄河中游地区梯田减洪减沙作用分析[J].人民黄河,2005,27(1):51-53.
[24]黄志霖,田耀武,肖文发,等.三峡库区典型农林流域景观格局对径流和泥沙输出的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(23):7487-7495.