云贵高原北盘江流域构造地貌特征分析
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摘要
云贵高原位于青藏高原东南侧,新生代以来伴随着青藏高原的隆升而发生了一系列构造抬升运动。北盘江发源于滇东,自西北向东南流经云贵高原向广西丘陵过渡的斜坡地带。选取北盘江作为研究区,通过提取流域河流地貌参数来研究新构造运动,定量化分析研究区的构造地貌特征。利用30 m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,通过GIS技术提取北盘江水系流域的河流地貌参数,包括子流域的面积高程积分(HI)、流域盆地倾斜指数(AF)、河长阶梯指数(SL)、谷底宽度与谷肩高度比(VF)等,并综合分析区域地质构造背景、断层及地震分布等特征。分析表明:4种地貌参数能很好地反映区域构造运动和地貌特征;垭都—紫云断裂在内的一系列断层系统对北盘江中游地区的河流地貌、水系格局、河谷形态等起到了控制性的作用;北盘江流域的地貌演化过程受地质构造作用影响较大,且区域差异明显。
The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,located on the southeast boundary of the Tibet Plateau,is the second geomorphologic step in China continent. The large area tilting tectonic deformation occurred in this plateau with the uplift of the Tibet plateau since the Cenozoic. The Beipanjiang River rises in eastern Yunnan Province and southeastward across the slope zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Guangxi Plain,and goes into the Hongshui River by the Wangmo in Guizhou Province. Due to the southeastward extrusion by the Tibetan Plateau,deep incised-valleys formed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,which have the characteristics of developed fault,complicated geological structure and rugged terrain. The Cenozoic evolution history of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the response to the uplifting of Tibet Plateau are unclear because of the lack of sedimentation records,and also this has long been a bottleneck to geomorphologic evolution research. Based on DEM data and GIS software,we extracted the geomorphic indexes which included hypsometric integral [HI ],drainage basin asymmetry [AF ],stream-length gradient index [SL],and valley floor width-to-height ratio [VF]. The results show that four geomorphic indexes can reflect the regional tectonic movement and topographical features. The geomorphology of Beipanjiang Basin is controlled by tectonic action mainly,especially the Yadu-Ziyun Fracture has great impact on the formation of valleys and the development of water system greatly.
The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,located on the southeast boundary of the Tibet Plateau,is the second geomorphologic step in China continent. The large area tilting tectonic deformation occurred in this plateau with the uplift of the Tibet plateau since the Cenozoic. The Beipanjiang River rises in eastern Yunnan Province and southeastward across the slope zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Guangxi Plain,and goes into the Hongshui River by the Wangmo in Guizhou Province. Due to the southeastward extrusion by the Tibetan Plateau,deep incised-valleys formed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,which have the characteristics of developed fault,complicated geological structure and rugged terrain. The Cenozoic evolution history of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the response to the uplifting of Tibet Plateau are unclear because of the lack of sedimentation records,and also this has long been a bottleneck to geomorphologic evolution research. Based on DEM data and GIS software,we extracted the geomorphic indexes which included hypsometric integral [HI ],drainage basin asymmetry [AF ],stream-length gradient index [SL],and valley floor width-to-height ratio [VF]. The results show that four geomorphic indexes can reflect the regional tectonic movement and topographical features. The geomorphology of Beipanjiang Basin is controlled by tectonic action mainly,especially the Yadu-Ziyun Fracture has great impact on the formation of valleys and the development of water system greatly.
引文
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[19]Le Guangyu,Zhang Shijun,Yang Wunian.Structural deformation patterns and tectonic stress field in west-central Guizhou[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,1994,29(1):10-18.[乐光禹,张时俊,杨武年.贵州中西部的构造格局与构造应力场[J].地质科学,1994,29(1):10-18.]
[20]Yang Wunian.Analysis of remote sensing images for tectonic pattern and stress field in Liuzhi-Langdai region,western Guizhou[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,1996,28(2):21-28.[杨武年.黔西六枝—朗岱地区构造格局及其应力场遥感图像解析[J].国土资源遥感,1996,28(2):21-28.]
[2]Xiong Kangning.Development of cone karst in response to neotectonism in Guizou[J].Guizhou Geology,1996,13(2):181-186.[熊康宁.新构造运动对贵州锥状喀斯特发育的影响[J].贵州科学,1996,13(2):181-186.]
[3]Jiang Fuchu,Wu Xihao.Late cenozoic tectonic movement in geomorphologic boundary belt of southeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Journal of Chendu University of Technology,1998,25(2):162-168.[蒋复初,吴锡浩.青藏高原东南部地貌边界带晚新生代构造运动[J].成都理工学院学报,1998,25(2):162-168.]
[4]Wang Yan’geng,Suo Shutian,Zhang Mingfa,et al.Tectonics and Carlin-type Gold Deposits in Southwestern Guizhou,China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1994:45-47.[王砚耕,索书田,张明发,等.黔西南构造与卡林型金矿[M].北京:地质出版社,1994:45-47.]
[5]Wang Jinjin,Hu Yuzhao,Zhang Guiquan,et al.Seismic prospecting evidence on control of thrust nappe structrues in Mid-southwestern Guizhou to Kalin type gold deposit[J].Geology and Exploration,2011,47(3):439-447.[王津津,胡煜昭,张桂权,等.黔西南中部逆冲推覆构造控制卡林型金矿的地震勘探证据[J].地质与勘探,2011,47(3):439-447.]
[6]Wang Erqi,Yin Jiyun.Cenozoic multi-stage deformation occurred in southwest Sichuan:Cause for the dismemberment of the protoSichuan Basin[J].Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),2009,39(3):359-367.[王二七,尹纪云.西南新生代构造作用以及四川原型盆地的破坏[J].西北大学学报:自然科学版,2009,39(3):359-367.]
[7]Zhang Peiquan,Sun Jie,Liu Xiaohan,et al.Features of fluvial landform and crust deformations along the Nanpanjiang RiverHongshuihe River(middle segment)[J].Quaternary Sciences,2013,33(4):771-784.[张沛全,孙杰,刘小汉,等.南盘江—红水河(中段)的河流地貌特征与地壳变形[J].第四纪研究,2013,33(4):771-784.]
[8]Antón L,De Vicente G,Mu1oz-Martín A,et al.Using river long profiles and geomorphic indices to evaluate the geomorphological signature of continental scale drainage capture,Duero basin(NW Iberia)[J].Geomorphology,2014,206:250-261.
[9]Zhang Tianqi,Wang Zhen,Zhang Xiaoming,et al.Hypsometric integral analysis of the Urumqi River drainage basin and its implications for topographic evolution[J].Quaternary Sciences,2015,35(1):60-70.[张天琪,王振,张晓明,等.北天山乌鲁木齐河流域面积—高程积分及其地貌意义[J],第四纪研究,2015,35(1):60-70.]
[10]Zhou Dequan,Liu Xiuming,Jiang Lijun,et al.Step-like landforms and uplift of Guizhou Plateau[J].Earth and Environment,2005,33(2):79-84.[周德全,刘秀明,姜立君,等.贵州高原层状地貌与高原抬升[J].地球与环境,2005,33(2):79-84.]
[11]Pan Baotian,Li Jijun,Li Bingyuan.Discussion on evidences for surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2000,36(3):100-111.[潘保田,李吉均,李炳元.青藏高原地面抬升证据讨论[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2000,36(3):100-111.]
[12]Clark M K,Royden L H,Whipple K X,et al.Use of a regional,relict landscape to measure vertical deformation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research(Earth Surface),2006,111(F3).DOI:10.1029/2005JF000294.
[13]Strahler Arthur N.Hypsometric(area~altitude)analysis of erosional topography[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,1952,63(11):1 117-1 142.
[14]Clement Alastair J H,Martin S B.Tilting of active folds and drainage asymmetry on the Manawatu Anticlines,New Zealand:A preliminary investigation[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2008,33(11):1 787-1 795.
[15]John Biju,Rajendran C P.Geomorphic indicators of neotectonism from the Precambrian terrain of Peninsular India:A study from the Bharathapuzha Basin,Kerala[J].Journal of the Geological Society of India,2008,71(6):827-840.
[16]Perez-Pena J V,Azanon J M,Azor A.Spatial analysis of stream power using GIS:SLK anomaly maps[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009,34(1):16-25.
[17]Troiani M F,Della Seta.The use of the stream length-Gradient index in morphotectonic analysis of smallcatchments:A case study from Central Italy[J].Geomorphology,2008,102:159-168.
[18]Chang Zhiyang,Wang Jian,Bai Shibiao,et al.Appraisal of active tectonic in Bailongjiang Basin based on DEM data[J].Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(2):292-301.[常直杨,王建,白世彪,等.基于DEM的白龙江流域构造活动定量分析[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(2):292-301.]
[19]Le Guangyu,Zhang Shijun,Yang Wunian.Structural deformation patterns and tectonic stress field in west-central Guizhou[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,1994,29(1):10-18.[乐光禹,张时俊,杨武年.贵州中西部的构造格局与构造应力场[J].地质科学,1994,29(1):10-18.]
[20]Yang Wunian.Analysis of remote sensing images for tectonic pattern and stress field in Liuzhi-Langdai region,western Guizhou[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,1996,28(2):21-28.[杨武年.黔西六枝—朗岱地区构造格局及其应力场遥感图像解析[J].国土资源遥感,1996,28(2):21-28.]