市场化、社会网络与一般信任
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摘要
以往研究发现,社会网络有利于网络成员之间特殊信任的形成,却对一般信任的发展有阻碍作用。然而利用中国综合社会调查(CGSS2012)和中国分省份市场化指数报告两个数据库,通过二元logistic回归以及多层次回归分析,发现社会网络可以提升个体的一般信任水平,在市场化程度较低的地区这一效应尤其明显。造成与以往研究结果不同的原因是,社会网络作为一种社会资本是个体获取社会资源的重要渠道,拥有更多的社会资源可以使个体拥有更强的应对风险的能力,从而促进一般信任的发展。随着市场化的发展,社会网络的这一效应会被削弱。在中国只有社会网络中的强关系才可以构成社会资本,从而促进一般信任的发展。
Previous studies have found that social networks are conducive to the formation of trust among individuals within the network, but hinder the trust of others outside the network. Different from this, this essay, by employing the two databases of CGSS2012 and Chinese provincial marketization index, and by analyzing binary logistic regression and multilevel regression, finds that social network can enhance general trust for individuals, which is particularly remarkable in areas with a lower degree of marketization. The reasons for such differences lie in that social network, as a kind of social capital, is an important channel for the individuals to acquire social resources, and that more social resources can entitle the individuals stronger ability to deal with risks so as to promote the development of general trust.However with the development of the market, the effect of the social network will be weakened. At the same time, in China, only strong relations in social network can constitute social capital to promote the development of individual general trust.
Previous studies have found that social networks are conducive to the formation of trust among individuals within the network, but hinder the trust of others outside the network. Different from this, this essay, by employing the two databases of CGSS2012 and Chinese provincial marketization index, and by analyzing binary logistic regression and multilevel regression, finds that social network can enhance general trust for individuals, which is particularly remarkable in areas with a lower degree of marketization. The reasons for such differences lie in that social network, as a kind of social capital, is an important channel for the individuals to acquire social resources, and that more social resources can entitle the individuals stronger ability to deal with risks so as to promote the development of general trust.However with the development of the market, the effect of the social network will be weakened. At the same time, in China, only strong relations in social network can constitute social capital to promote the development of individual general trust.
引文
[1]DAWES R M,MESSICK D M.Social dilemmas[J].International Journal of Psychology,1980(2):111-116.
[2]MESSICK D M,BREWER M B.Solving social dilemmas:Areview[J].Personality and Social Psychology Review,1983(4):105-110.
[3]COLEMAN J S,LIVINGSTON S A,FENNESSEY G M,EDWARDS K J,KIDDER S J.The hopkins games program:Conclusions from seven years of research[J].Educational Researcher,1973(8):3-7.
[4]PUTNAM R D.Making Democracy work:Civic traditions in modern italy[M].New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1993:15.
[5]KNACK S,KEEFER P.Does social capital have an economic payoff?a cross-country investigation[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1997(4):1251-1288.
[6]福山,信任社会美德与创造经济繁荣[M].彭志华,译.海口:海南出版社,2001:37.
[7]雷丁.华人资本主义精神[M].谢婉莹,译.上海:格致出版社,2009:25.
[8]周怡.信任与公平:发展语境下的两个中国现实[J].江苏社会科学,2015(3):87-96.
[9]DELHEY J,NEWTON K.Who Trusts?The origins of Social Trust in Seven Societies[J].European Sociology,2003(5):93-137.
[10]ROTHESTEIN B.The universal welfare state as a social dilemma.Restructuring the welfare state:Political institutions and policy change[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2002:12.
[11]NOWAK J K.Decomposition into special cubes and its applications to quasi-subanalytic geometry[J].Ann.polon.Math,2009(1):65-74.
[12]GRANOVERT M.Economic Action and Social Structure,The problem of Embeddedness[J].American Journal of Sociology,1985(3):481-510.
[13]杨中芳,彭泗清.中国人人际信任的初步探讨[C]//第一届华人心理学家学术研讨会论文,台北:1995:1-21.
[14]BURT R S.Structural holes:The social structure of competition[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992:65.
[15]WANG F X,TOSHIO YAMAG ISHI,Group-based trust and gender differences in China[J].Asian Journal of Social Psychology,2005(8):199-210.
[16]什托姆普卡.信任:一种社会学理论[M].苏哲,译.北京:中华书局,2005:19.
[17]王绍光,刘欣.信任的基础:一种理性的解释[J].社会学研究,2002(3):23-39.
[18]张建新,MIEHAEL H B.指向具体人物对象的人际信任:跨文化比较及其认知模型[J].心理学报,1993(2):54-62.
[19]卢曼.信任:一个社会复杂性的简化机制[M].瞿铁鹏,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2005:89.
[20]吉登斯.现代性与自我认同[M].赵旭东,译.上海:三联书店,1998:35.
[21]SZTOMPKA P.Trust and emerging democracy:Lessons from poland[J].International Sociology,1996(1):37-62.
[22]COLEMAN J.1990:Foundations of social theory[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990:306-310.
[23]NEE V.A theory of market transition:From redistribution to markets in state socialism[J].American Sociological Review,1989(5):663-681.
[24]RICHEY S,IKEDA K.Institutional incentives and trust:Marginalized groups and the creation of trust in local government[J].Social Science Quarterly,2010,90(4):911-926.
[25]LIN N.Contexts of social capital[M].London:Routledge,2015:70-88.
[26]IKEDA K.Social and institutional trust in east and southeast asia[J].Taiwan Journal of Democracy,2013(9):874-883.
[27]MELISSA J M,DIETLIND S.Race and the city:Neighborhood context and the development of generalized trust[J].Political Behavior,2004(26):125-153.
[28]ALESINA A,FERRARA E L.The determinants of trust[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2000:321-347.
[29]MARK G.The strength of weak ties[J].Social Science electronic Publishing,1973,78(2):1360-1380.
[30]张爽,陆铭,章元.社会资本的作用随市场化进程减弱还是加强?——来自中国农村贫困的实证研究[J].经济学:2007(2):539-560.
[31]赵剑治,陆铭.关系对农村收入差距的贡献及其地区差异——一项基于回归的分解分析[J].经济学:2010(1):363-390.
[32]杨汝岱,陈斌开,朱诗娥.基于社会网络视角的农户民间借贷需求行为研究[J].经济研究,2011(11):116-129.
[33]边燕杰,张文宏.经济体制、社会网络与职业流动[J].中国社会科学,2001(2):77-89.
[34]YAMAGISHI T,WATABE M,HAYASHI N,TAKAHASHI N,YAMAGISHI M.Trust and commitment under social uncertainty[J].Japanese Journal of Social Psychology,1996(3):206-216.
[35]SCHUESSLER R.Exit threats and cooperation under anonymity[J].Journal of Conflict Resolution,1989(4):728-749.
[36]YOSANO A,HAYASHI N.Do uncertainty and opportunity nurture trust?an analysis of trust-generating processes using the comparative methods[D].Bulletin of the Faculty of Sociology Kansai University,2005(1):53-73.
[37]张云武.不同规模地区居民的人际信任与社会交往[J].社会学研究,2009(4):112-132.
[38]敖丹,邹宇春,高翔.城镇居民普遍信任的区域间与区域内差异分析[J].当代社科视野,2013(12):27-27.
[39]樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数.各省区市场化相对进程2011年度报告[C].经济科学出版社:2011:1-3.
[40]V?LKER B.Weak ties as a liability.The case of east Germany[J].Rationality and Society,2001(13):397-428.
[41]BIAN Y,LOGAN J R.Market transition and the persistence of power:The changing stratification system in urban china[J].American Sociological Review,1996(5):739-758.
[42]张维迎,柯荣住.信任及其解释:来自中国的跨省调查分析[J].经济研究,2002(10):59-70;96.
[43]TAO Z G,ZHU T.Agency and self-enforcing contacts[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2000(28):80-94.
[2]MESSICK D M,BREWER M B.Solving social dilemmas:Areview[J].Personality and Social Psychology Review,1983(4):105-110.
[3]COLEMAN J S,LIVINGSTON S A,FENNESSEY G M,EDWARDS K J,KIDDER S J.The hopkins games program:Conclusions from seven years of research[J].Educational Researcher,1973(8):3-7.
[4]PUTNAM R D.Making Democracy work:Civic traditions in modern italy[M].New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1993:15.
[5]KNACK S,KEEFER P.Does social capital have an economic payoff?a cross-country investigation[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1997(4):1251-1288.
[6]福山,信任社会美德与创造经济繁荣[M].彭志华,译.海口:海南出版社,2001:37.
[7]雷丁.华人资本主义精神[M].谢婉莹,译.上海:格致出版社,2009:25.
[8]周怡.信任与公平:发展语境下的两个中国现实[J].江苏社会科学,2015(3):87-96.
[9]DELHEY J,NEWTON K.Who Trusts?The origins of Social Trust in Seven Societies[J].European Sociology,2003(5):93-137.
[10]ROTHESTEIN B.The universal welfare state as a social dilemma.Restructuring the welfare state:Political institutions and policy change[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2002:12.
[11]NOWAK J K.Decomposition into special cubes and its applications to quasi-subanalytic geometry[J].Ann.polon.Math,2009(1):65-74.
[12]GRANOVERT M.Economic Action and Social Structure,The problem of Embeddedness[J].American Journal of Sociology,1985(3):481-510.
[13]杨中芳,彭泗清.中国人人际信任的初步探讨[C]//第一届华人心理学家学术研讨会论文,台北:1995:1-21.
[14]BURT R S.Structural holes:The social structure of competition[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992:65.
[15]WANG F X,TOSHIO YAMAG ISHI,Group-based trust and gender differences in China[J].Asian Journal of Social Psychology,2005(8):199-210.
[16]什托姆普卡.信任:一种社会学理论[M].苏哲,译.北京:中华书局,2005:19.
[17]王绍光,刘欣.信任的基础:一种理性的解释[J].社会学研究,2002(3):23-39.
[18]张建新,MIEHAEL H B.指向具体人物对象的人际信任:跨文化比较及其认知模型[J].心理学报,1993(2):54-62.
[19]卢曼.信任:一个社会复杂性的简化机制[M].瞿铁鹏,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2005:89.
[20]吉登斯.现代性与自我认同[M].赵旭东,译.上海:三联书店,1998:35.
[21]SZTOMPKA P.Trust and emerging democracy:Lessons from poland[J].International Sociology,1996(1):37-62.
[22]COLEMAN J.1990:Foundations of social theory[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990:306-310.
[23]NEE V.A theory of market transition:From redistribution to markets in state socialism[J].American Sociological Review,1989(5):663-681.
[24]RICHEY S,IKEDA K.Institutional incentives and trust:Marginalized groups and the creation of trust in local government[J].Social Science Quarterly,2010,90(4):911-926.
[25]LIN N.Contexts of social capital[M].London:Routledge,2015:70-88.
[26]IKEDA K.Social and institutional trust in east and southeast asia[J].Taiwan Journal of Democracy,2013(9):874-883.
[27]MELISSA J M,DIETLIND S.Race and the city:Neighborhood context and the development of generalized trust[J].Political Behavior,2004(26):125-153.
[28]ALESINA A,FERRARA E L.The determinants of trust[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2000:321-347.
[29]MARK G.The strength of weak ties[J].Social Science electronic Publishing,1973,78(2):1360-1380.
[30]张爽,陆铭,章元.社会资本的作用随市场化进程减弱还是加强?——来自中国农村贫困的实证研究[J].经济学:2007(2):539-560.
[31]赵剑治,陆铭.关系对农村收入差距的贡献及其地区差异——一项基于回归的分解分析[J].经济学:2010(1):363-390.
[32]杨汝岱,陈斌开,朱诗娥.基于社会网络视角的农户民间借贷需求行为研究[J].经济研究,2011(11):116-129.
[33]边燕杰,张文宏.经济体制、社会网络与职业流动[J].中国社会科学,2001(2):77-89.
[34]YAMAGISHI T,WATABE M,HAYASHI N,TAKAHASHI N,YAMAGISHI M.Trust and commitment under social uncertainty[J].Japanese Journal of Social Psychology,1996(3):206-216.
[35]SCHUESSLER R.Exit threats and cooperation under anonymity[J].Journal of Conflict Resolution,1989(4):728-749.
[36]YOSANO A,HAYASHI N.Do uncertainty and opportunity nurture trust?an analysis of trust-generating processes using the comparative methods[D].Bulletin of the Faculty of Sociology Kansai University,2005(1):53-73.
[37]张云武.不同规模地区居民的人际信任与社会交往[J].社会学研究,2009(4):112-132.
[38]敖丹,邹宇春,高翔.城镇居民普遍信任的区域间与区域内差异分析[J].当代社科视野,2013(12):27-27.
[39]樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数.各省区市场化相对进程2011年度报告[C].经济科学出版社:2011:1-3.
[40]V?LKER B.Weak ties as a liability.The case of east Germany[J].Rationality and Society,2001(13):397-428.
[41]BIAN Y,LOGAN J R.Market transition and the persistence of power:The changing stratification system in urban china[J].American Sociological Review,1996(5):739-758.
[42]张维迎,柯荣住.信任及其解释:来自中国的跨省调查分析[J].经济研究,2002(10):59-70;96.
[43]TAO Z G,ZHU T.Agency and self-enforcing contacts[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2000(28):80-94.