主粮政策调整与环境变迁研究——以中国南方桄榔类物种盛衰为例
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摘要
在中国汉文典籍中,"桄榔"一词的指代对象包括棕榈科的桄榔(Arenga)、鱼尾葵(Caryota和糖棕(Borassus)等众多属的多种植物。该类植物在中国南方的早期农业实践中发挥着重要作用,被当地各族先民作为重要的粮食作物进行栽培和利用。随着"大一统"多民族国家建立,历代朝廷在颁布和执行主粮税收政策的过程中,因没有将该类作物及相关民族文化纳入国家的管理体系,从而致使该类作物的利用范围经历了由盛转衰的递变。当代,桄榔类植物已基本失去了其作为粮食作物利用的价值,某些物种(如鱼尾葵属的董棕)的活态传承更是到了命悬一线之境地。立足于此,综合政策实施、主粮消费和环境变迁等要素,对桄榔类物种展开全面讨论,回顾其盛衰的历史过程,总结经验与教训,发掘当代的经济价值与生态价值,当有一定的理论与现实意义。
The word"Guanglang",which refers to Arenga,Borassus and Caryota of Palmae plants,originated from Chinese Classics. These plants mainly distributed in South Asia,Southeast Asia and the south areas of Yangtze River in China. With the establishment of a"unified"multi-ethnic state,the governments of successive dynasties failed to include such crops and related ethnic cultures into the national management system in the process of promulgation and implementation of tax policies on staple grains,thus resulting in the gradual change of the utilization scope of such crops from prosperity to decline. Contemporary,"Guanglang"plants has been largely lost its value as a food crop and utilization,some species( such as Caryotaurens Linn) live transmission but also to the position of the line. Based on this,the comprehensive factors such as policy,staple food consumption and environmental changes,a comprehensive discussion of Guanglang palms,reviewing its ups and downs of the historical process,sum up experience and lessons,explore contemporary economic value and ecological value,when there is a certain theoretical and practical significance.
The word"Guanglang",which refers to Arenga,Borassus and Caryota of Palmae plants,originated from Chinese Classics. These plants mainly distributed in South Asia,Southeast Asia and the south areas of Yangtze River in China. With the establishment of a"unified"multi-ethnic state,the governments of successive dynasties failed to include such crops and related ethnic cultures into the national management system in the process of promulgation and implementation of tax policies on staple grains,thus resulting in the gradual change of the utilization scope of such crops from prosperity to decline. Contemporary,"Guanglang"plants has been largely lost its value as a food crop and utilization,some species( such as Caryotaurens Linn) live transmission but also to the position of the line. Based on this,the comprehensive factors such as policy,staple food consumption and environmental changes,a comprehensive discussion of Guanglang palms,reviewing its ups and downs of the historical process,sum up experience and lessons,explore contemporary economic value and ecological value,when there is a certain theoretical and practical significance.
引文
[1]Tomlinson P B.Systematics and Ecology of the Palmae.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1979(10):85-107
[2]裴盛基,陈三阳.中国植物志·第13卷·第1分册.北京:科学出版社,1991
[3]胡振兴,杨洋,袁经权,赵芬芬,叶琴.桄榔本草考证.中药材.2014(12):2300-2303
[4]葛威.桄榔在华南民族中的利用考略.农业考古,2015(6):253-259
[5]Anne E.Russon.The Nature and Evolution of Intelligence in Orangutans(Pongo pygmaeus).Primaves,1998(4):485-503
[6]Barton H.The case for rainforest foragers:the starch record at Niahcave,Sarawak.Asian Perspectives,2005(1):56-72
[7]Yang Xiaoyan,Huw J.Barton,Wan Zhiwei,et al.Sago-Type Palms Were an Important Plant Food Prior to Rice in Southern Subtropical China.Plos One,2013(8):1-8
[8](清)吴其浚.植物名实图考长编.北京:商务印书馆,1959
[9](晋)张华.博物志.上海大学出版社,2010
[10](晋)常璩,撰.刘琳,校注.华阳国志校注.成都:巴蜀书社,1984
[11]潘超,丘良任,孙忠铨.中华竹枝词全编·七.北京出版社,2007
[12](明)李时珍.本草纲目(金陵本)新校注下册.北京:中国中医药出版社,2013
[13](明)方以智.物理小识下.北京:商务印书馆,1937
[14](宋)周去非,著.杨武泉,校注.岭外代答校注.北京:中华书局,1999
[15]萧洪恩,胡晶晶.天人之镜:长江流域的生态世界,武汉:长江出版社,2013
[16]西敏司.甜与权力:糖在近代历史上的地位.王超,朱建刚,译.北京:商务印书馆,2010
[17]Tan Koonlin.Logging the Swamp for Food.World Crops:Production,Utilization,and Description∥w.r.Stanton and M.Flach.Proceedings of the Second International Sago Symposium,held in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia,September 15·17,1979
[18]Paul Roscoe.The Hunters and Gatherers of New Guinea.Current Anthropology,2002(01):153-162
[19]Ratchada Pongsattayapipat,Anders S.Barfod.Economic Botany of Sugar Palms(Arenga pinnata Merr.And A.westerhoutii Griff.,Arecaceae)in Thailand.Thai Journal of Botany,2009(2):103-117
[20]Rangaswami G.Palm Tree Crops in India.Outlook on Agriculture,1977(4):167-173
[21]Mogea J,Seibert B,Smits W.Multipurpose Palms:The Sugar Palm(Arenga pinnata(Wurmb)Merr.).Agroforestry Systems,1991(13):111-129
[22]Sanyanga M L,Sapuanab S M,Jawaidc M,et al.Recent Developments in Sugar Palm(Arenga pinnata)Based Biocomposites and Their Potential Industrial Applications:A Review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016(54):533-549
[23]Paul R.Ehrlich,Peter H.Raven.Butterflies and Plants:A Study in Coevolution.Evolution,1964(18):313-321.
[24]David Rindos.The Origins of Agriculture:An Evolutionary Perspective.New York:Academic Press,1984
[25]Scott Zona,Andrew Henderson.A Review of Animal-Mediated Seed Dospersal of Palms.Selbyana,1989(11):6-21
[26]文焕然,江应樑,等.历史时期中国野象的初步研究.思想战线,1979(6)
[27]Smits W T M.Arenga Pinnata(Wurmb)Merr.Westphal E and Jansens,1988:505-555
[28]杨庭硕,杨秋萍.葛类作物的古代种植利用和现代化价值.云南社会科学,2018(2):148-154
(1)相关资料参考:Peter Bellwood. First Farmers:The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Wiley-Blackwell,2004; Graeme Barker&Martin B. Richards. Foraging-Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory,2013(20):256-280; Tim Denham. Early Agriculture and Plant Domestication in New Guinea and Island Southeast Asia. Current Anthropology,2011(52):379-395。
(1)摘自[宋]阮阅《郴江百咏并序·桄榔山》。
(2)分别摘自[唐]元稹《送岭南崔侍御》;[唐]白居易《送客春游岭南二十韵》;[宋]孔武仲《书事二首》。
(1)全诗为:“天南行李半波涛,滩树枝枝拂戏猱。初著蓝衫从远峤,乍辞云署泊轻艘。山村象踏桄榔叶,海外人收翡翠毛。名宦两成归旧隐,遍寻亲友兴何饶”。
(1)于鹄《买山吟》;[宋]朱继芳《调宜州冷官不赴》;[宋]梅堯臣《送番禺杜杆主薄》;[明]汪广洋《岭南杂录(十首)》。
(1)詹姆斯·斯科特在其著作《逃避统治的艺术》一书中,论述了历史上国家确立的主粮作物,必须满足能够实现长时间储存、长途运输、统一征收等条件。因而,水稻符合国家作物(state crops)的选择标志,从而得到大规模的推广种植。这样的观点与史实吻合。但他将桄榔类植物,视为相关民族逃避统治而选择的作物(Escape crops),则偏离了客观事实。材料表明,在国家尚未建立以前的新石器时代,桄榔类植物就已经被古代人类作为主要粮食作物利用,并以此发展起了热带地区的“原始农业”。在其后的历史进程中,以此建构起来的文化尽管形成了大大小小的酋邦社会,却始终没有建立起强大的国家政权。而这样的小型政治集团,并不具备跨越出所处环境进行扩展的实力,在面对强大帝国的时当然也不具备防御能力,被周边国家征服自然是历史的必然。但是,这些民族即使被征服,他们“原始农业”(或称游耕)的操作实践,依然以顽强的生命力传承下来。这就表明,这样的文化建构有其内在逻辑和理性,包含一套对当地资源合理利用和管理的文化体系,而不应当地视为逃避国家统治的结果。
[2]裴盛基,陈三阳.中国植物志·第13卷·第1分册.北京:科学出版社,1991
[3]胡振兴,杨洋,袁经权,赵芬芬,叶琴.桄榔本草考证.中药材.2014(12):2300-2303
[4]葛威.桄榔在华南民族中的利用考略.农业考古,2015(6):253-259
[5]Anne E.Russon.The Nature and Evolution of Intelligence in Orangutans(Pongo pygmaeus).Primaves,1998(4):485-503
[6]Barton H.The case for rainforest foragers:the starch record at Niahcave,Sarawak.Asian Perspectives,2005(1):56-72
[7]Yang Xiaoyan,Huw J.Barton,Wan Zhiwei,et al.Sago-Type Palms Were an Important Plant Food Prior to Rice in Southern Subtropical China.Plos One,2013(8):1-8
[8](清)吴其浚.植物名实图考长编.北京:商务印书馆,1959
[9](晋)张华.博物志.上海大学出版社,2010
[10](晋)常璩,撰.刘琳,校注.华阳国志校注.成都:巴蜀书社,1984
[11]潘超,丘良任,孙忠铨.中华竹枝词全编·七.北京出版社,2007
[12](明)李时珍.本草纲目(金陵本)新校注下册.北京:中国中医药出版社,2013
[13](明)方以智.物理小识下.北京:商务印书馆,1937
[14](宋)周去非,著.杨武泉,校注.岭外代答校注.北京:中华书局,1999
[15]萧洪恩,胡晶晶.天人之镜:长江流域的生态世界,武汉:长江出版社,2013
[16]西敏司.甜与权力:糖在近代历史上的地位.王超,朱建刚,译.北京:商务印书馆,2010
[17]Tan Koonlin.Logging the Swamp for Food.World Crops:Production,Utilization,and Description∥w.r.Stanton and M.Flach.Proceedings of the Second International Sago Symposium,held in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia,September 15·17,1979
[18]Paul Roscoe.The Hunters and Gatherers of New Guinea.Current Anthropology,2002(01):153-162
[19]Ratchada Pongsattayapipat,Anders S.Barfod.Economic Botany of Sugar Palms(Arenga pinnata Merr.And A.westerhoutii Griff.,Arecaceae)in Thailand.Thai Journal of Botany,2009(2):103-117
[20]Rangaswami G.Palm Tree Crops in India.Outlook on Agriculture,1977(4):167-173
[21]Mogea J,Seibert B,Smits W.Multipurpose Palms:The Sugar Palm(Arenga pinnata(Wurmb)Merr.).Agroforestry Systems,1991(13):111-129
[22]Sanyanga M L,Sapuanab S M,Jawaidc M,et al.Recent Developments in Sugar Palm(Arenga pinnata)Based Biocomposites and Their Potential Industrial Applications:A Review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016(54):533-549
[23]Paul R.Ehrlich,Peter H.Raven.Butterflies and Plants:A Study in Coevolution.Evolution,1964(18):313-321.
[24]David Rindos.The Origins of Agriculture:An Evolutionary Perspective.New York:Academic Press,1984
[25]Scott Zona,Andrew Henderson.A Review of Animal-Mediated Seed Dospersal of Palms.Selbyana,1989(11):6-21
[26]文焕然,江应樑,等.历史时期中国野象的初步研究.思想战线,1979(6)
[27]Smits W T M.Arenga Pinnata(Wurmb)Merr.Westphal E and Jansens,1988:505-555
[28]杨庭硕,杨秋萍.葛类作物的古代种植利用和现代化价值.云南社会科学,2018(2):148-154
(1)相关资料参考:Peter Bellwood. First Farmers:The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Wiley-Blackwell,2004; Graeme Barker&Martin B. Richards. Foraging-Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory,2013(20):256-280; Tim Denham. Early Agriculture and Plant Domestication in New Guinea and Island Southeast Asia. Current Anthropology,2011(52):379-395。
(1)摘自[宋]阮阅《郴江百咏并序·桄榔山》。
(2)分别摘自[唐]元稹《送岭南崔侍御》;[唐]白居易《送客春游岭南二十韵》;[宋]孔武仲《书事二首》。
(1)全诗为:“天南行李半波涛,滩树枝枝拂戏猱。初著蓝衫从远峤,乍辞云署泊轻艘。山村象踏桄榔叶,海外人收翡翠毛。名宦两成归旧隐,遍寻亲友兴何饶”。
(1)于鹄《买山吟》;[宋]朱继芳《调宜州冷官不赴》;[宋]梅堯臣《送番禺杜杆主薄》;[明]汪广洋《岭南杂录(十首)》。
(1)詹姆斯·斯科特在其著作《逃避统治的艺术》一书中,论述了历史上国家确立的主粮作物,必须满足能够实现长时间储存、长途运输、统一征收等条件。因而,水稻符合国家作物(state crops)的选择标志,从而得到大规模的推广种植。这样的观点与史实吻合。但他将桄榔类植物,视为相关民族逃避统治而选择的作物(Escape crops),则偏离了客观事实。材料表明,在国家尚未建立以前的新石器时代,桄榔类植物就已经被古代人类作为主要粮食作物利用,并以此发展起了热带地区的“原始农业”。在其后的历史进程中,以此建构起来的文化尽管形成了大大小小的酋邦社会,却始终没有建立起强大的国家政权。而这样的小型政治集团,并不具备跨越出所处环境进行扩展的实力,在面对强大帝国的时当然也不具备防御能力,被周边国家征服自然是历史的必然。但是,这些民族即使被征服,他们“原始农业”(或称游耕)的操作实践,依然以顽强的生命力传承下来。这就表明,这样的文化建构有其内在逻辑和理性,包含一套对当地资源合理利用和管理的文化体系,而不应当地视为逃避国家统治的结果。