返青期休牧对祁连山区中度退化草原化草甸草地的影响
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摘要
为解决祁连山区高寒草地牧草返青期季节性超载过牧问题,自2015年5月至7月起连续两年在青海省祁连县默勒镇瓦日尕村的冬春放牧地上进行了为期60d的返青期休牧试验,休牧期间放牧家畜全部采用舍饲圈养,并于2016年8月中旬对休牧草地进行植被调查。结果表明,返青期休牧可使草地群落的总盖度、总植物量显著增加(P<0.05),使禾本科牧草株高、分盖度和植物量显著增加(P<0.05),对莎草科植物影响不显著(P>0.05);阔叶型毒杂草的株高、盖度、生物量均有下降的趋势。休牧两年与休牧一年相比,群落中禾本科植物的株高、盖度、植物量均在继续增加,阔叶型毒杂草的各项指标继续下降。结果证明,返青期休牧可有效促进祁连山区草原化草甸退化草地的植被恢复,并大幅度提高草地生产力。
To solve the problem seasonal overgrazing in alpine meadows in the Qilian Mountain area,field control experiments of rest-grazing in the regreen-up period on winter-spring pasture were conducted for approximately 60 days from May to July,at Moeller Town,Qilian County,Qinghai Province.The characteristics of vegetation,including the height,coverage,and above-ground biomass of primary species,were investigated in August.The results showed that the measures of the rest-grazing in the regreen-up period significantly increased total coverage,grassland productivity,and grass plant height,coverage,and biomass.No significant influence was found on Cyperaceae plants,and the plant height,coverage,and biomass of the broadleaf weeds showed a downward trend.Compared with the rest-grazing for 1 year,that for 2 years showed that there were increases in the plant height,coverage,and biomass of graminaceous plants,whereas all indices of broadleaf weeds continued to decline.In conclusion,the measure of rest-grazing can effectively promote the substantial recovery of steppe meadow grassland vegetation and markedly improve the productivity of grassland in the Qilian Mountain area.
To solve the problem seasonal overgrazing in alpine meadows in the Qilian Mountain area,field control experiments of rest-grazing in the regreen-up period on winter-spring pasture were conducted for approximately 60 days from May to July,at Moeller Town,Qilian County,Qinghai Province.The characteristics of vegetation,including the height,coverage,and above-ground biomass of primary species,were investigated in August.The results showed that the measures of the rest-grazing in the regreen-up period significantly increased total coverage,grassland productivity,and grass plant height,coverage,and biomass.No significant influence was found on Cyperaceae plants,and the plant height,coverage,and biomass of the broadleaf weeds showed a downward trend.Compared with the rest-grazing for 1 year,that for 2 years showed that there were increases in the plant height,coverage,and biomass of graminaceous plants,whereas all indices of broadleaf weeds continued to decline.In conclusion,the measure of rest-grazing can effectively promote the substantial recovery of steppe meadow grassland vegetation and markedly improve the productivity of grassland in the Qilian Mountain area.
引文
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[6]张伟娜,干珠扎布,李亚伟,高清竹,万运帆,李玉娥,旦久罗布,西饶卓玛,白玛玉珍.禁牧休牧对藏北高寒草甸物种多样性和生物量的影响.中国农业科技导报,2013,15(3):143-149.Zhang W N,Ganjurjav,Li Y W,Gao Q Z,Wan Y F,Li Y E,Danjiuluobu,Xiraozhuoma,Baimayuzhen.Effects of banning grazing and delaying grazing on species diversity and biomass of alpine meadow in northern Tibet.Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology,2013,15(3):143-149.(in Chinese)
[7]李玉洁,宋晓龙,修伟明,张贵龙,刘红梅.返青期休牧对内蒙古羊草草原有机碳储量的影响.农业环境科学学报,2013,32(11):2221-2230.Li Y J,Song X L,Xiu W M,Zhang G L,Liu H M.Effects of spring rest grazing on organic carbon storage in Leymus chinensis Steppe in Inner Mongolia.China Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(11):2221-2230.(in Chinese)
[8]李瑜琴,赵景波.过度放牧对生态环境的影响与控制对策.中国沙漠,2005,25(3):404-408.Li Y Q,Zhao J B.Effects of overgrazing on ecological and environmental construction and measurement.Journal of Desert Research,2005,25(3):404-408.(in Chinese)
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[10]李青丰.草畜平衡管理系列研究(1):现行草畜平衡管理制度刍议.草业科学,2011,28(10):1869-1872.Li Q F.Series of studies on balance control between animal demanding and feed availability(1):Discussions and comments on the currently practiced animal-feed balance control system.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(10):1869-1872.(in Chinese)
[11]李青丰.草畜平衡管理系列研究(2):对现行草地载畜量计算方法的剖析和评价.草业科学,2011,28(11):2042-2045.Li Q F.Series of studies of animal demanding-feed availability balance control(2):Evaluation on current method of animal carring capacity calculation.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(11):2042-2045.(in Chinese)
[12]李青丰.草畜平衡管理:理想与现实的冲突.内蒙古草业,2005,17(2):1-3.Li Q F.Livestock balance management:The conflicts between ideal and reality.Inner Mongolia Prataculture,2005,17(2):1-3.(in Chinese)
[13]王巧玲,花立民,王贵珍,刘丽.春季延迟放牧对高寒草甸草地群落特征及生产力的影响.草地学报,2015,23(5):1068-1072.Wang Q L,Hua L M,Wang G Z,Liu L.Effects of deferred grazing on grassland community characteristics and productivity in alpine meadow.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2015,23(5):1068-1072.(in Chinese)
[14]高娃,王世新,李纯刚,刘忠良.锡林郭勒盟天然草原春季休牧效果监测分析.内蒙古草业,2006,18(3):42-50.Gao W,Wang S X,Li C G,Liu Z L.The natural grassland of Xilin Gol League spring husbandry effect monitoring analysis.Inner Mongolia Prataculture,2006,18(3):42-50.(in Chinese)
[15]李文,曹文侠,徐长林,李小龙,刘皓栋,冯今,师尚礼.不同休牧模式对东祁连山高寒草甸草原植被特征变化的影响.西北植物学报,2014,34(11):2339-2345.Li W,Cao W X,Xu C L,Li X L,Liu H D,Feng J,Shi S L.Changes of vegeation characteristics in alpine meadow-steppe of eastern Qilian mountains after different grazing rest modes.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Ainica,2014,34(11):2339-2345.(in Chinese)
[16]Buttolph L P,Cppock D L.Influence of deferred grazing on vegetation dynamics and livestock productivity in an Andean pastoral system.Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,41(4):664-674.
[17]魏德平,达布希拉图,张春信,刑旗.锡林郭勒盟2005年春季休牧监测研究.内蒙古草业,2005,17(3):7-9.Wei D P,Dabuxilatu,Zhang C X,Xing Q.Study on the monitoring of grazing in Xilin Gol League in the spring of 2005.Inner Mongolia Prataculture,2005,17(3):7-9.(in Chinese)
[18]赵钢,李青丰,张恩厚.春季休牧对绵羊和草地生产性能的影响.仲恺农业技术学院学报,2006,19(1):1-7.Zhao G,Li Q F,Zhang E H.Effects of deferred spring grazing on sheep performance and forage yield of steppe.Journal of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Technology,2006,19(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[19]李青丰,赵钢,郑蒙安,阿民布和.春季休牧对草原和家畜生产力的影响.草地学报,2005,12(4):53-66.Li Q F,Zhao G,Zheng M A,Aminbuhe.Delay grazing:A practical approach to grassland environment protection and sustainable animal production in grassland of northern China.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2005,12(4):53-66.(in Chinese)
[20]范燕敏,孙宗玖,武红旗,刘秀梅.封育对山地草地植被及土壤特性的影响.草业科学,2009,26(3):79-82.Fan Y M,Sun Z J,Wu H Q,Liu X M.Influences of fencing on vegetation and soil properties in mountain steppe.Pratacultural Science,2009,26(3):79-82.(in Chinese)
[21]周华坤,周立,赵新全,周彦伟,刘伟.围栏封育对轻牧与重牧金露梅灌丛的影响.草地学报,2004,12(2):140-144.Zhou H K,Zhou L,Zhao X Q,Zhou Y W,Liu W.Effect of fencing on lightly and heavily grazing Potentilla fruticosa shrublands.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2004,12(2):140-144.(in Chinese)
[22]田久胜,田新会,杜文华.短期休牧对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸区土壤含水量的影响.西北农业学报,2016,25(12):1-7.Tian J S,Tian X H,Du W H.Effects of short-term rest grazing on soil moisture content in eastern alpine meadow of QinghaiTibet Plateau.Acta Agriculture Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2016,25(12),1-7.(in Chinese)
[23]Miller P C,Poole D K,Miller P M.The influence of annual precipitation,topography,and vegetative cover on soil-moisture and summer drought in Southern California.Occlogia,1983,56(2/3):385-391.
[24]余雷,张以平,沙丽清,宋清海,谭正红,周文君,武传胜.哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤含水量变化规律及其影响因子.生态学杂志,2013,32(2):332-336.Yu L,Zhang Y P,Sha L Q,Song Q H,Tan Z H,Zhou W J,Wu C S.Temporal variation pattern and its affecting factors of soil water content in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Ailao Mountains,Southwest China.Chinese Journal of Ecology,23,32(2):332-336.(in Chinese)
[25]Rodrguez-Iturbe I,Porporato A.Ecohydrology of Water-controlled Ecosystems:Soil Moisture and plant Dynamics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005.
[26]王长庭,王启兰,景增春,冯秉福,杜岩功,龙瑞军,曹广民.不同放牧梯度下高寒小嵩草草甸植被根系和土壤理化特征的变化.草业学报,2008,17(5):9-15.Wang C T,Wang Q L,Jing Z C,Feng B F,Du Y G,Long R J,Cao G M.Vegetation roots and soil physical and chemical characteristic changes in Kobresia pygmaca meadow under different grazing gradients.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(5):9-15.(in Chinese)
[2]田莉华,周青平,王加亭,陈有军,陈仕勇,魏新春,麦贤敏,郑洲.青藏高原草地畜牧业生产现状、问题及对策.西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2016,42(2):119-126.Tian L H,Zhou Q P,Wang J T,Chen Y J,Chen S Y,Wei X C,Mai X M,Zhen Z.Situations,issues and solutions of the grassland aninal husbandry of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities(Natural Science Edition),2016,42(2):119-126.(in Chinese)
[3]郑伟,董全民,李世雄,李红涛,刘玉,杨时海.放牧强度对环青海湖高寒草原群落物种多样性和生产力的影响.草地学报,2012,20(6):1033-1038.Zheng W,Dong Q M,Li S X,Li H T,Liu Y,Yang S H.Impact of grazing intensities on community biodiversity and productivity of slpine grassland in Qinghai Lake region.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2012,20(6):1033-1038.(in Chinese)
[4]金晓明,韩国栋.放牧对草甸草原植物群落结构及多样性的影响.草业科学,2010,27(4):7-10.Jin X M,Han G D.Effects of grazing intensity on spcies diversity and structure of meadow steppe community.Pratacultural Science,2010,27(4):7-10.(in Chinese)
[5]马玉寿,郎百宁,李青云,施建军,董全民.江河源区高寒草甸退化草恢复与重建技术研究.草业科学,2002,19(9):5-9.Ma Y S,Lang B N,Li Q Y,Shi J J,Dong Q M.Study on rehabilitating and rebuilding technologies for degenerated alpine meadow in the Changjiang and Yellow River source region.Pratacultural Science,2002,19(9):5-9.(in Chinese)
[6]张伟娜,干珠扎布,李亚伟,高清竹,万运帆,李玉娥,旦久罗布,西饶卓玛,白玛玉珍.禁牧休牧对藏北高寒草甸物种多样性和生物量的影响.中国农业科技导报,2013,15(3):143-149.Zhang W N,Ganjurjav,Li Y W,Gao Q Z,Wan Y F,Li Y E,Danjiuluobu,Xiraozhuoma,Baimayuzhen.Effects of banning grazing and delaying grazing on species diversity and biomass of alpine meadow in northern Tibet.Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology,2013,15(3):143-149.(in Chinese)
[7]李玉洁,宋晓龙,修伟明,张贵龙,刘红梅.返青期休牧对内蒙古羊草草原有机碳储量的影响.农业环境科学学报,2013,32(11):2221-2230.Li Y J,Song X L,Xiu W M,Zhang G L,Liu H M.Effects of spring rest grazing on organic carbon storage in Leymus chinensis Steppe in Inner Mongolia.China Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(11):2221-2230.(in Chinese)
[8]李瑜琴,赵景波.过度放牧对生态环境的影响与控制对策.中国沙漠,2005,25(3):404-408.Li Y Q,Zhao J B.Effects of overgrazing on ecological and environmental construction and measurement.Journal of Desert Research,2005,25(3):404-408.(in Chinese)
[9]汪诗平.天然草原持续利用理论和实践的困惑:兼论中国草业发展战略.草地学报,2006,14(2):188-192.Wang S P.Theory and practice on sustainable use of China’s natural grassland:A study on the development strategy of grassland-livestock and grassland-agriculture.Acta Agerstia Sinica,2006,14(2):188-192.(in Chinese)
[10]李青丰.草畜平衡管理系列研究(1):现行草畜平衡管理制度刍议.草业科学,2011,28(10):1869-1872.Li Q F.Series of studies on balance control between animal demanding and feed availability(1):Discussions and comments on the currently practiced animal-feed balance control system.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(10):1869-1872.(in Chinese)
[11]李青丰.草畜平衡管理系列研究(2):对现行草地载畜量计算方法的剖析和评价.草业科学,2011,28(11):2042-2045.Li Q F.Series of studies of animal demanding-feed availability balance control(2):Evaluation on current method of animal carring capacity calculation.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(11):2042-2045.(in Chinese)
[12]李青丰.草畜平衡管理:理想与现实的冲突.内蒙古草业,2005,17(2):1-3.Li Q F.Livestock balance management:The conflicts between ideal and reality.Inner Mongolia Prataculture,2005,17(2):1-3.(in Chinese)
[13]王巧玲,花立民,王贵珍,刘丽.春季延迟放牧对高寒草甸草地群落特征及生产力的影响.草地学报,2015,23(5):1068-1072.Wang Q L,Hua L M,Wang G Z,Liu L.Effects of deferred grazing on grassland community characteristics and productivity in alpine meadow.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2015,23(5):1068-1072.(in Chinese)
[14]高娃,王世新,李纯刚,刘忠良.锡林郭勒盟天然草原春季休牧效果监测分析.内蒙古草业,2006,18(3):42-50.Gao W,Wang S X,Li C G,Liu Z L.The natural grassland of Xilin Gol League spring husbandry effect monitoring analysis.Inner Mongolia Prataculture,2006,18(3):42-50.(in Chinese)
[15]李文,曹文侠,徐长林,李小龙,刘皓栋,冯今,师尚礼.不同休牧模式对东祁连山高寒草甸草原植被特征变化的影响.西北植物学报,2014,34(11):2339-2345.Li W,Cao W X,Xu C L,Li X L,Liu H D,Feng J,Shi S L.Changes of vegeation characteristics in alpine meadow-steppe of eastern Qilian mountains after different grazing rest modes.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Ainica,2014,34(11):2339-2345.(in Chinese)
[16]Buttolph L P,Cppock D L.Influence of deferred grazing on vegetation dynamics and livestock productivity in an Andean pastoral system.Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,41(4):664-674.
[17]魏德平,达布希拉图,张春信,刑旗.锡林郭勒盟2005年春季休牧监测研究.内蒙古草业,2005,17(3):7-9.Wei D P,Dabuxilatu,Zhang C X,Xing Q.Study on the monitoring of grazing in Xilin Gol League in the spring of 2005.Inner Mongolia Prataculture,2005,17(3):7-9.(in Chinese)
[18]赵钢,李青丰,张恩厚.春季休牧对绵羊和草地生产性能的影响.仲恺农业技术学院学报,2006,19(1):1-7.Zhao G,Li Q F,Zhang E H.Effects of deferred spring grazing on sheep performance and forage yield of steppe.Journal of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Technology,2006,19(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[19]李青丰,赵钢,郑蒙安,阿民布和.春季休牧对草原和家畜生产力的影响.草地学报,2005,12(4):53-66.Li Q F,Zhao G,Zheng M A,Aminbuhe.Delay grazing:A practical approach to grassland environment protection and sustainable animal production in grassland of northern China.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2005,12(4):53-66.(in Chinese)
[20]范燕敏,孙宗玖,武红旗,刘秀梅.封育对山地草地植被及土壤特性的影响.草业科学,2009,26(3):79-82.Fan Y M,Sun Z J,Wu H Q,Liu X M.Influences of fencing on vegetation and soil properties in mountain steppe.Pratacultural Science,2009,26(3):79-82.(in Chinese)
[21]周华坤,周立,赵新全,周彦伟,刘伟.围栏封育对轻牧与重牧金露梅灌丛的影响.草地学报,2004,12(2):140-144.Zhou H K,Zhou L,Zhao X Q,Zhou Y W,Liu W.Effect of fencing on lightly and heavily grazing Potentilla fruticosa shrublands.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2004,12(2):140-144.(in Chinese)
[22]田久胜,田新会,杜文华.短期休牧对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸区土壤含水量的影响.西北农业学报,2016,25(12):1-7.Tian J S,Tian X H,Du W H.Effects of short-term rest grazing on soil moisture content in eastern alpine meadow of QinghaiTibet Plateau.Acta Agriculture Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2016,25(12),1-7.(in Chinese)
[23]Miller P C,Poole D K,Miller P M.The influence of annual precipitation,topography,and vegetative cover on soil-moisture and summer drought in Southern California.Occlogia,1983,56(2/3):385-391.
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