基于财富500强中国企业网络的城市网络空间联系特征
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摘要
基于2015年世界财富500强中的102家中国企业数据,根据企业组织特征构建了反映企业—城市间关联的折衷网络模型,借助网络分析等多种方法分析了中国地级城市间和典型城市群之间的网络联系。研究发现:①城市网络总体连通性较差、向心集中性强,发育不够完备;城市网络连接具有明显的行政中心指向、沿海指向和资源指向;网络节点城市对外经济依赖度高,网络结构扁平特征明显。城市群网络存在权力分散、地位分化和外部联系依赖特征。②城市网络中省域、城市群和俱乐部边界效应明显,区域内外的中心城市规模和数量对省域行政区经济、城市群经济和俱乐部经济的发展产生影响。③城市在多尺度网络中的功能分化明显,大城市和区域型中心城市比中小城市拥有更加完备和均衡的功能体系。沿海三大城市群的辐射带动作用明显,其他城市群的优势功能有待突出。④城市(群)跨尺度区域功能互动效应显著,城市(群)的自我经济集聚能力与城市(群)的对外辐射带动功能之间存在密切的正向关系。研究为城市网络模型拓展及理解中国城市网络空间联系特征提供了支撑。
Based on the data of Chinese enterprises that entered the Fortune 500 list in 2015,this paper uses the eclectic model to construct the inter-city association network. Using the network analysis method, the spatial connection characteristics of 311 inter-city networks at prefecture level and above and 20 urban agglomerations networks in China are examined respectively. The research found that:(1) The overall connectivity of urban network is poor, the centripetal concentration is strong, and the network is not complete. The urban network connection shows a strong tendency of political center cities directivity, coastal cities directivity as well as resource-based cities directivity. The external economic dependence of each node city in the urban network is high, and the urban network structure has obvious flattening characteristics. The network of urban agglomerations is characterized by decentralization of power, differentiation of status and dependence on external connections.(2)The boundary effect of provinces, urban agglomerations and urban agglomerations clubs in the urban network is significant. The network evolution process is influenced by the provincial administrative district economy, the urban agglomerations economy and the urban agglomerations club economy. The size and number of central cities in the region and its surrounding areas have an impact on the provincial administrative district economy, the city agglomerations economy and the urban agglomerations club economy.(3) The function of cities is obviously divided in a multi-scale network. The large cities and regional central cities have a complete and more balanced function system than the small and medium-sized cities do.The radiation effect of three major urban agglomerations in coastal China is significant, while the dominant function of other urban agglomerations needs to be strengthened.(4) The crossscale regional functional interaction effect of cities(clusters) is significant. The radiationdriven function of cities(clusters) is positively related to their self-agglomeration capabilities.This study provides support for the understanding of urban network model expansion and the spatial relation of urban network in China.
Based on the data of Chinese enterprises that entered the Fortune 500 list in 2015,this paper uses the eclectic model to construct the inter-city association network. Using the network analysis method, the spatial connection characteristics of 311 inter-city networks at prefecture level and above and 20 urban agglomerations networks in China are examined respectively. The research found that:(1) The overall connectivity of urban network is poor, the centripetal concentration is strong, and the network is not complete. The urban network connection shows a strong tendency of political center cities directivity, coastal cities directivity as well as resource-based cities directivity. The external economic dependence of each node city in the urban network is high, and the urban network structure has obvious flattening characteristics. The network of urban agglomerations is characterized by decentralization of power, differentiation of status and dependence on external connections.(2)The boundary effect of provinces, urban agglomerations and urban agglomerations clubs in the urban network is significant. The network evolution process is influenced by the provincial administrative district economy, the urban agglomerations economy and the urban agglomerations club economy. The size and number of central cities in the region and its surrounding areas have an impact on the provincial administrative district economy, the city agglomerations economy and the urban agglomerations club economy.(3) The function of cities is obviously divided in a multi-scale network. The large cities and regional central cities have a complete and more balanced function system than the small and medium-sized cities do.The radiation effect of three major urban agglomerations in coastal China is significant, while the dominant function of other urban agglomerations needs to be strengthened.(4) The crossscale regional functional interaction effect of cities(clusters) is significant. The radiationdriven function of cities(clusters) is positively related to their self-agglomeration capabilities.This study provides support for the understanding of urban network model expansion and the spatial relation of urban network in China.
引文
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(1)功能联系判断矩阵根据30位国内大型企业集团高级管理人员的访谈结果汇总而成。通过半结构式访谈,受访人员会对企业集团内各分支机构或分公司间的业务联系进行打分,只有两个分支机构或子公司间的联系得到60%以上的受访者肯定时才会视为有效联系。
[2]Hall P.The World Cities.London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1966.
[3]Friedmann J,Wolff G.World city formation:An agenda for research and action.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1982,6(3):309-344.
[4]Friedmann J.The world city hypothesis.Development and Change,1986,17(1):69-83.
[5]Castells M.The Rise of Network Society.Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
[6]Yang Yongchun,Leng Bingrong,Tan Yiming,et al.Review on world city studies and their implications in urban systems.Geographical Research,2011,30(6):1009-1020.[杨永春,冷炳荣,谭一洺,等.世界城市网络研究理论与方法及其对城市体系研究的启示.地理研究,2011,30(6):1009-1020.]
[7]Meijers E,Romein A.Realizing potential:Building regional organizing capacity in polycentric urban regions.European Urban and Regional Studies,2003(10):173-186.
[8]Burger M,Meijers E.Form follows function?Linking morphological and functional polycentricity.Urban Studies,2012,49(5):1-23.
[9]Camagni R P.City networks as tools for competitiveness and sustainability//Taylor P J,Derudder B,Saey P,et al.Cities in Globalization.London and New York:Routledge,2007:102-123.
[10]Beaverstock J V,Smith R G,Taylor P J,et al.Globalization and world cities:Some measurement methodologies.Applied Geography,2000,20(1):43-63.
[11]Matthiessen C W,Schwarz A W,Find S.World cities of scientific knowledge:Systems,networks and potential dynamics.An analysis based on bibliometric indicators.Urban Studies,2010,47(9):1879-1897.
[12]Smith D A,Timberlake M.Conceptualizing and mapping the structure of the world system's city system.Urban Studies,1995,32(2):287-302.
[13]Wang J,Mo H,Wang F.Evolution of air transport network of China 1930-2012.Journal of Transport Geography,2014,40:145-158.
[14]Wang Mingfeng,Ning Yuemin.The internet and the rise of information network cities in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(3):446-454.[汪明峰,宁越敏.互联网与中国信息网络城市的崛起.地理学报,2004,59(3):446-454.]
[15]Taylor P J.Hierarchical tendencies amongst world cities:A global research proposal.Cities,1997,14(6):323-332.]
[16]Taylor P J.The new geography of global civil society:NGOs in the world city network.Globalizations,2004,1(2):265-277.
[17]Wu Kang,Fang Chuanglin,Zhao Miaoxi,et al.The intercity space of flow influenced by high-speed rial:A case study for the rail transit passenger behavior between Beijing and Tianjin.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(2):159-174.[吴康,方创琳,赵渺希,等.京津城际高速铁路影响下的跨城流动空间特征.地理学报,2013,68(2):159-174.]
[18]Jiao Jingjuan,Wang Jiao'e,Jin Fengjun,et al.Impact of high-speed rail on inter-city network based on the passenger train network in China,2003-2013.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(2):265-280.[焦敬娟,王姣娥,金凤君,等.高速铁路对城市网络结构的影响研究:基于铁路客运班列分析.地理学报,2016,71(2):265-280.]
[19]Jiang Bo,Chu Nanchen,Xiu Chunliang,et al.Comprehensive evaluation and comparative analysis of accessibility in the four vertical and four horizontal HSR networks in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(4):591-604.[姜博,初楠臣,修春亮,等.中国“四纵四横”高铁网络可达性综合评估与对比.地理学报,2016,71(4):591-604.]
[20]Ke Wenqian,Lu Yuqi,Chen Wei,et al.Evolutionary stages and theoretical model of high-speed traffic network spatiotemporal structure.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(2):281-292.[柯文前,陆玉麒,陈伟,等.高速交通网络时空结构的阶段性演进及理论模型.地理学报,2016,71(2):281-292.]
[21]Chen Wei,Liu Weidong,Ke Wenqian,et al.The spatial structures and organization patterns of China's city networks based on the highway passenger flows.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(2):224-241.[陈伟,刘卫东,柯文前,等.基于公路客流的中国城市网络结构与空间组织模式.地理学报,2017,72(2):224-241.]
[22]Wu Wei,Cao Youhui,Cao Weidong,et al.Spatial structure and evolution of highway accessibility in the Yangtze River Delta.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(10):1065-1074.[吴威,曹有挥,曹卫东,等.长江三角洲公路网络的可达性空间格局及其演化.地理学报,2006,61(10):1065-1074.]
[23]Cao Youhui,Cao Weidong,Jin Shisheng,et al.The evolution mechanism of the coastal container port system of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(3):424-432.[曹有挥,曹卫东,金世胜,等.中国沿海集装箱港口体系的形成演化机理.地理学报,2003,58(3):424-432.]
[24]Wang Chengjin,Jin Fengjun.Organization networks of Chinese marine container transportation.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(4):392-401.[王成金,金凤君.中国海上集装箱运输的组织网络研究.地理科学,2006,26(4):392-401.]
[25]Wang Liehui,Hong Yan.Spatial structure of container port systems across the Taiwan Straits under the direct shipping policy:A complex network system approach.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(4):605-620.[王列辉,洪彦.直航背景下海峡两岸集装箱港口体系空间结构:基于复杂网络的视角.地理学报,2016,71(4):605-620.]
[26]Zhen Feng,Wang Bo,Chen Yingxue.Spatial structure of the Yangtze River Delta urban network based on the pattern of listed companies network.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1031-1043.[甄峰,王波,陈映雪.基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征:以新浪微博为例.地理学报,2012,67(8):1031-1043.]
[27]Liu Wangbao,Shi Enming.Spatial pattern of population daily flow among cities based on ICT:A case study of"Baidu Migration".Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(10):1667-1679.[刘望保,石恩名.基于ICT的中国城市间人口日常流动空间格局:以百度迁徙为例.地理学报,2016,71(10):1667-1679.]
[28]Zhao Ziyu,Wei Ye,Pang Ruiqiu,et al.Alter-based centrality and power of Chinese city network using inter-provincial population flow.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(6):1032-1048.[赵梓渝,魏冶,庞瑞秋,等.基于人口省际流动的中国城市网络转变中心性与控制力研究:兼论递归理论用于城市网络研究的条件性.地理学报,2017,72(6):1032-1048.]
[29]Huggins R,Prokop D.Network structure and regional innovation:A study of university-industry ties.Urban Studies,2016,54(4):931-952.
[30]Li Xiande.Spatial structure of the Yangtze River Delta urban network based on the pattern of listed companies network.Progress in Geography,2014,33(12):1587-1600.[李仙德.基于上市公司网络的长三角城市网络空间结构研究.地理科学进展,2014,33(12):1587-1600.]
[31]Pan F,Bi W,Lenzer J,et al.Mapping urban networks through inter-firm service relationships:The case of China.Urban Studies,2017,54(16):3639-3654.
[32]Taylor P J.World City Network:A Global Urban Analysis.London:Routledge,2004.
[33]Derudder B.The Mismatch between concepts and evidence in the study of a global urban network//Taylor P J,Derudder B,Saey P,et al.Cities in Globalization.London and New York:Routledge,2007:261-275.
[34]Taylor P.Specification of the world city network.Geographical Analysis,2001,33:181-194.
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(1)功能联系判断矩阵根据30位国内大型企业集团高级管理人员的访谈结果汇总而成。通过半结构式访谈,受访人员会对企业集团内各分支机构或分公司间的业务联系进行打分,只有两个分支机构或子公司间的联系得到60%以上的受访者肯定时才会视为有效联系。