买方势力与资产专用性对中国制药业技术创新影响的实证
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摘要
我国即将逐步推行的药品集中采购计划,会减少对仿制药的依赖,意味着对制药企业的技术创新具有正向刺激作用。这一影响在制药业横向市场和纵向市场上会有所不同。从制药业的纵向市场关系视角出发,基于2001-2016年我国制药业和医疗行业数据,利用面板数据模型和面板负二项模型实证分析资产专用性和产业链下游买方势力对中国制药业技术创新的影响。结果表明:买方卖方势力分别以地区医院总数、制药企业总数作为代理变量时,买方势力降低上游制药业创新投入与创新产出,不利于其创新能力的实现;资产专用性和市场需求增长率对上游制药业技术创新具有负效应;政府规制、人均GDP和销售利润率均促进其技术创新。买方势力较大,上游制药业具有与下游相抗衡的势力时有利于企业创新行为,不拥有抗衡势力时不利于创新行为;买方势力较小,上游制药业相对等的较小市场势力更能够增强企业创新投入与创新绩效,较大的市场势力反而不利于企业创新激励,即上下游行业之间较为对等的市场势力更能够促进创新行为的实现。以地区医院总数衡量买方势力、制药业年销售收入和年度工业总产值衡量卖方势力进行模型扩展时,也证明上述结论的稳健性。建议进一步完善医药分离模式,打破医院在药品采购和药品销售的"双重垄断",以更有力地促进制药企业创新投入与产出,同时缓解医患关系紧张状况。
The centralized drug procurement plan gradually implemented in China will reduce the dependence on generic drugs and have a positive impact on the technological innovation of pharmaceutical enterprises. The impacts are different in the horizontal and vertical markets of the pharmaceutical industry. From the perspective of vertical market relationship in pharmaceutical industry, based on the data of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and medical industry in 2001-2016 in China, panel data model and panel negative binomial regression models are used to explore the effect of buyer power and asset specificity on innovation input and innovation output in Chinese pharmaceutical industry. The empirical results show that when the power of buyer and seller are measured by the total number of regional hospitals and pharmaceutical enterprises respectively, buyer power depresses innovation input and innovation output of upstream pharmaceutical industry. Buyer power is not good for realization of upstream firm's innovation ability. Asset specificity and growth rate of market demand have negative effects on upstream technology innovation. Government regulation, per capita GDP and sales profit rate will enhance technology innovation. When buyer power is larger, and the upstream pharmaceutical industry also has some market power, buyer power is beneficial to the innovation. Otherwise, it is not beneficial to the innovation. When buyer power is small, and upstream pharmaceutical firms have small market power, buyer power strengthens the innovation input and innovation performance of the enterprises. The equivalent market power between the upstream and downstream industries will promote more innovation behavior. When buyer power is measured by the total number of regional hospitals, seller power is measured by annual sales revenue and annual gross industrial output value of pharmaceutical industry, the above results are robust.
The centralized drug procurement plan gradually implemented in China will reduce the dependence on generic drugs and have a positive impact on the technological innovation of pharmaceutical enterprises. The impacts are different in the horizontal and vertical markets of the pharmaceutical industry. From the perspective of vertical market relationship in pharmaceutical industry, based on the data of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and medical industry in 2001-2016 in China, panel data model and panel negative binomial regression models are used to explore the effect of buyer power and asset specificity on innovation input and innovation output in Chinese pharmaceutical industry. The empirical results show that when the power of buyer and seller are measured by the total number of regional hospitals and pharmaceutical enterprises respectively, buyer power depresses innovation input and innovation output of upstream pharmaceutical industry. Buyer power is not good for realization of upstream firm's innovation ability. Asset specificity and growth rate of market demand have negative effects on upstream technology innovation. Government regulation, per capita GDP and sales profit rate will enhance technology innovation. When buyer power is larger, and the upstream pharmaceutical industry also has some market power, buyer power is beneficial to the innovation. Otherwise, it is not beneficial to the innovation. When buyer power is small, and upstream pharmaceutical firms have small market power, buyer power strengthens the innovation input and innovation performance of the enterprises. The equivalent market power between the upstream and downstream industries will promote more innovation behavior. When buyer power is measured by the total number of regional hospitals, seller power is measured by annual sales revenue and annual gross industrial output value of pharmaceutical industry, the above results are robust.
引文
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[38] Suttonbrady,C.,Taylor,T.,Kamvounias,P..Private Label Brands:A Relationship Perspective[J].Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing,2017,32(5):1051-1061.
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[42] Inderst,R.,Shaffer,G..Retail Mergers,Buyer Power and Product Variety[J].Economic Journal,2007,117(516):45-67.
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[45] Peters,J..Buyer Market Power and Innovative Activities[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2000,16(1):13-38.
[46] Weiss,C.R.,Wittkopp,A..Retail Concentration and Product Innovation in Food Manufacturing[J].European Review of Agricultural Economics,2005,32(2):219-244.
[47] Inderst,R.,Wey,C..How Strong Buyers Spur Upstream Innovation[J].Centre for Economic Policy Research,2005,6(10):1-35.
[48] Inderst,R.,Wey,C..Buyer Power and Supplier Incentives[J].European Economic Review,2007,51(3):647-667.
[49] Inderst,R.,Wey,C..Countervailing Power and Dynamic Efficiency[J].Journal of the European Economic Association,2010,9(4):702-720.
[50] Kirkwood,J.B..Buyer Power and Healthcare Price[J].Washington Law Review,2016,91(1):253-293.
[51] 孙晓华,郑辉.买方势力、 资产专用性与技术创新——基于中国汽车工业的实证检验[J].管理评论,2011,23(10):162-170.
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[53] Weiss,C.R.,Wittkopp,A..Buyer Power and Product Innovation:Empirical Evidence from the German Food Sector[C].Working Paper FE University of Kiel,2003:1-16.
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[56] 李凯,李伟,崔哲.什么因素抑制了本土小型零售商自主创新?——基于纵向市场势力的分析[J].经济评论,2016,(3):122-134,160.
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[3] Dobson,P.W..Exploiting Buyer Power:Lessons from the British Grocery Trade[J].Antitrust Law Journal,2005,72(2):529-562.
[4] Carstensen,P.C..Buyer Power and the Horizontal Merge Guidelines:Minor Progress on an Important Issue[J].U.of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law,2012,14(3):775-821.
[5] Inderst,R.,Mazzarotto,N..Buyer Power-sources,Consequences,and Policy Responses[J].Competition Law and Policy,2006,10(5):1-42.
[6] Scheelings,R.,Wright,J.D..“Sui Generis”?:An Antitrust Analysis of Buyer Power in the United States and European Union[J].Akron Law Review,2006,39(1):207-243.
[7] Clarke,R.,Davies,S.,Dobson,P.,et al..Buyer Power and Competition in European Food Retailing[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2003,22(4):337-340.
[8] Chen,Z.Q..Defining Buyer Power[J].The Antitrust Bulletin,2008,53(2):241-249.
[9] Sun,Q.,Santoro,M.A.,Meng,Q.,et al..Pharmaceutical Policy in China[J].Health Affairs,2008,27(4):1042-1050.
[10] 刘旭宁,臧旭恒,林平.公立医院买方垄断对制药产业研发投入的影响——基于博弈模型的理论分析和实证检验[J].山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(6):47-53.
[11] 李凯,丁正良,于冠一.买方势力对医药产业利润的空间溢出效应[J].产经评论,2017,8(6):81-96.
[12] Wyld,J.,Pugh,G.,Tyrrall,D..Can Powerful Buyers “Exploit” SME Suppliers?[J].Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,2012,19(2):322-344.
[13] 蔡基宏.影响我国医药行业创新能力关键因素分析——美国的经验和启示[J].上海经济研究,2009,(11):14-20.
[14] 殷天红,颜建周,邵蓉.市场独占利益对制药行业创新的激励作用[J].中国新药杂志,2015,24(17):1930-1934.
[15] 石亚如,褚淑贞.药品价格对药品创新的影响——基于系统动力学视角[J].中国新药杂志,2017,26(10):1102-1104.
[16] 杨城,朱顺林.企业和行业视角下创新的差异研究——以中国医药行业上市公司为例[J].科技与经济,2017,(6):36-40.
[17] 薛澜,郭薇,乔雪.简政放权环境下的社会性规制探析——以中国药品准入规制为例[J].中共中央党校学报,2016,(4):34-43.
[18] 高山行,李炎炎.生物医药企业政治行为与原始性创新:知识管理的中介作用[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2018,39(7):24-36.
[19] 姚维保.我国生物技术与新医药产业专利保护:现状、 问题与可持续创新战略[J].科技管理研究,2005,(9):20-23.
[20] 李超.宏观环境对我国医药行业的影响分析[J].特区经济,2016,(8):120-122.
[21] 张庆霖,郭嘉仪.政府规制、 买方势力与技术创新:中国医药产业的研究[J].当代财经,2013,(6):98-109.
[22] Dey,D..Are Small-sized Firms Really Innovation?Understanding the Indian Scenario[J].Current Size,2017,12(6):1121-1126.
[23] Baumann,J.,Kritikos,A.S..The Link Between R&D,Innovation and Productivity:Are Micro Firms Different?[J].Research Policy,2016,45(6):1263-1274.
[24] Lambertini,L.,Ornini,R..Quality Improvement and Process Innovation in Monopoly:A Dynamic Analysis[J].Operation Research Letters,2015,43(4):370-373.
[25] Stagnaro,C..Competition and Innovation in Retail Electricity Markets:Evidence from Italy[J].Economic Affairs,2017,37(1):85-101.
[26] Chen,Y.,Schwartz,M..Product Innovation Incentive:Monopoly vs Competition[J].Journal of Economics and Management Strategy,2013,22(3):513-528.
[27] Chao,A.C.,Lee,J.Y.,Wang,L.F.S..Stackelberg Competition,Innovation and Social Efficiency of Entry[J].The Manchester School,2017,85(1):1-12.
[28] Foellmi,R.,Zweimuller,J..Is Inequality Harmful for Innovation and Growth?Price Versus Market Size Effects[J].Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2017,27(2):359-378.
[29] Chen,V.Z.,Li,J.,Shapiro,D.M.,et al..Ownership Structure and Innovation:An Emerging Market Perspective[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Management,2014,31(1):1-24.
[30] 白让让,谭诗羽.研发模式、 纵向一体化与自主品牌导入期的创新绩效[J].管理科学,2016,29(4):70-79.
[31] 曹霞,张路蓬.金融支持对技术创新的直接影响及空间溢出效应——基于中国2003-2013 年省际空间面板杜宾模型[J].管理评论,2017,29(7):36-45.
[32] Raghupathi,V.,Raghupathi,W..Innovation at Country-level:Association Between Economic Develop and Patents[J].Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,2017,6(1):1-20.
[33] Beneito,P.,Sanchis,A..Patents,Competition,and Firms’ Innovation Incentives[J].Industry and Innovation,2014,21(4):285-309.
[34] Katz,A..Pharmaceutical Lemons:Innovation and Regulation in the Drug Industry[J].Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review,2007,14(1):1-41.
[35] Beckert,W..An Empirical Analysis of Countervailing Power in Business-to-Business Bargaining[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2018,52(3):369-402.
[36] Elking,I.,Paraskevas,J.,Grimm,C.,et al..Financial Dependence,Lean Inventory Strategy,and Firm Performance[J].Journal of Supply Chain Management,2017,53(2):22-38.
[37] Bauner,C.,Lavoie,N.,Rojas,C..Effects of Technological Progress on Vertical Product Differentiation and Welfare[J].European Review of Economic History,2017,44(1):67-97.
[38] Suttonbrady,C.,Taylor,T.,Kamvounias,P..Private Label Brands:A Relationship Perspective[J].Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing,2017,32(5):1051-1061.
[39] Hirshberg,R.S.,Shoham,A..A Behavioral Model of International Channel Relationships[J].Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing,2017,24(1):1-26.
[40] Aitken,A.,Paton,R.A..The “T-Shaped Buyer”:A Transactional Perspective on Supply Chain Relationships[J].Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management,2017,23(4):280-289.
[41] Battigalli,P.,Fumagalli,C.,Polo,M..Buyer Power and Quality Improvement[J].Research in Economics,2007,61(2):45-61.
[42] Inderst,R.,Shaffer,G..Retail Mergers,Buyer Power and Product Variety[J].Economic Journal,2007,117(516):45-67.
[43] 李凯,李伟.主导零售商买方势力背景下的制造商技术创新决策[J].技术经济,2015,34(2):21-26.
[44] 李凯,刘智慧,苏慧清等.买方抗衡势力对上游企业质量创新的影响——基于零售商 Stackelberg竞争的分析[J].运筹与管理,2014,23(6):274-280.
[45] Peters,J..Buyer Market Power and Innovative Activities[J].Review of Industrial Organization,2000,16(1):13-38.
[46] Weiss,C.R.,Wittkopp,A..Retail Concentration and Product Innovation in Food Manufacturing[J].European Review of Agricultural Economics,2005,32(2):219-244.
[47] Inderst,R.,Wey,C..How Strong Buyers Spur Upstream Innovation[J].Centre for Economic Policy Research,2005,6(10):1-35.
[48] Inderst,R.,Wey,C..Buyer Power and Supplier Incentives[J].European Economic Review,2007,51(3):647-667.
[49] Inderst,R.,Wey,C..Countervailing Power and Dynamic Efficiency[J].Journal of the European Economic Association,2010,9(4):702-720.
[50] Kirkwood,J.B..Buyer Power and Healthcare Price[J].Washington Law Review,2016,91(1):253-293.
[51] 孙晓华,郑辉.买方势力、 资产专用性与技术创新——基于中国汽车工业的实证检验[J].管理评论,2011,23(10):162-170.
[52] Farber,S.C..Buyer Market Structure and R&D Efforts:A Simultaneous Equations Model[J].Review of Economics & Statistics,1981,63(3):336-345.
[53] Weiss,C.R.,Wittkopp,A..Buyer Power and Product Innovation:Empirical Evidence from the German Food Sector[C].Working Paper FE University of Kiel,2003:1-16.
[54] Weiss,C.R.,Wittkopp,A..Buyer Power and Innovation of Quality Product:Empirical Evidence from the German Food Sector[C].Working Paper FE University of Kiel,2003:1-17.
[55] Koehler,C.,Rammer,C..Buyer Power and Suppliers’ Incentives to Innovate[C].Zew Discussion Papers,2012:1-25.
[56] 李凯,李伟,崔哲.什么因素抑制了本土小型零售商自主创新?——基于纵向市场势力的分析[J].经济评论,2016,(3):122-134,160.
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