话语霸权:美国“互联网自由”治理理念的“普适化”推广
|
摘要
"互联网自由"自克林顿政府起就被置入"个体权利"这一范畴中予以表达,美国政府官员(及其他政客)、智库和媒体等通过借助历史语境、宏大叙事和污名化异己等方式,推动这一理念的合法化和普适化,并将其视为全球唯一"正确"的标准,亦自诩为这一标准的捍卫者。但这一理念的提出目标、实践过程均显示出强烈的美国单边主义和利己主义色彩。"互联网自由",其背后恰是美国持续维护其全球领导地位和权力地位的企图,也是美国尝试在国际网络治理体系中占据主导地位的重要手段。当前随着全球各国对网络安全问题的愈发重视,美国"互联网自由"理念受到诸多质疑和挑战。
"Internet freedom"has been narrated in the"individual right"context since the Clinton Administration.With the help of historical context,grand narrative,and the stigmatization of dissident,officials,politicians,think tanks and media in the US have attempted to legitimate and universalize the concept of"internet freedom",which is seen as the sole"correct"norm of international cyber rules.Though they claim to be the defender of"internet freedom",the exposure of the PRIZM surveillance program and the imposition of digital trade barriers tell a different story.The goal and practice of"internet freedom"indicate the US wants to maintain its leading role in the world and present a strong American unilateralism and national egoism.The whole concept serves as a tool for the US to dominate the global internet governance system.To gain competitive advantage,the US government shifts flexibly from"internet freedom"to"cyber security".If necessary,"internet freedom"would be used to justify its initiatives and actions."Cyber security"would be the alternative when"internet freedom"is not sufficient.Therefore,this paper concludes that the US hold a double standard on"internet freedom".As the issue of cyber security becomes critical for more countries,the concept of"internet freedom"is challenged on its validity and applicability.
"Internet freedom"has been narrated in the"individual right"context since the Clinton Administration.With the help of historical context,grand narrative,and the stigmatization of dissident,officials,politicians,think tanks and media in the US have attempted to legitimate and universalize the concept of"internet freedom",which is seen as the sole"correct"norm of international cyber rules.Though they claim to be the defender of"internet freedom",the exposure of the PRIZM surveillance program and the imposition of digital trade barriers tell a different story.The goal and practice of"internet freedom"indicate the US wants to maintain its leading role in the world and present a strong American unilateralism and national egoism.The whole concept serves as a tool for the US to dominate the global internet governance system.To gain competitive advantage,the US government shifts flexibly from"internet freedom"to"cyber security".If necessary,"internet freedom"would be used to justify its initiatives and actions."Cyber security"would be the alternative when"internet freedom"is not sufficient.Therefore,this paper concludes that the US hold a double standard on"internet freedom".As the issue of cyber security becomes critical for more countries,the concept of"internet freedom"is challenged on its validity and applicability.
引文
(1)参见图恩·范·戴克:《新闻、话语和意识形态》,卡琳·沃尔-乔根森、托马斯·哈尼奇主编:《当代新闻学核心》,张小娅译,北京:清华大学出版社,2014年,第204页。萧俊明:《文化的困惑---关于文明冲突论的断想》,《国外社会科学》2002年第3期,第3页。
(1)刘肖、朱元南:《网络主权论:理论争鸣与国际实践》,《西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2017年第7期。
(2)徐铁光:《西方的网络强势话语权与国际网络正义》,《湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版)》2011年第5期。
(3)魏明革:《美国“互联网自由”战略进程之困》,《当代传播》2013年第3期。
(4)David Pozen,“The De-Americanization of Internet Freedom,”Lawfare,20180613.Alec Ross,“Internet Freedom:Historic Roots and the Road Forward,”SAIS Review,Volume 30,Number 2,Summer-Fall 2010,pp.3-15.
(5)Shawn M.Powers&Michael Jablonski,The Real Cyber War:The Political Economy of Internet Freedom,University of Illinois Press,2015.
(6)Derek Hrynyshyn,“Review on The Real Cyber War:The Political Economy of Internet,”New Media&Society,June 2016,pp.1054-1056.
(1)Shanthi Kalathil,Internet Freedom:A Background Paper,201010,pp.67-80 https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/images/Internet_Freedom_A_Background_Paper_0.pdf,2018-10-06.
(2)参见张志兵等人对前人研究的评述。张志兵、贾伟:《中国语境下网络内容规制的合理性论证》,《马克思主义与现实》2012年第6期。
(3)Clinton,William J.,United States National Security Strategy,Washington,DC:The White House,1999.
(4)Clinton,William J.,Defending America's Cyberspace:National Plan for Information Systems Protection,Washington,DC:The White House,2000.
(1)Global Internet Freedom Act.2002-10-02 https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-107hr5524ih/pdf/BILLS-107hr5524ih.pdf,该法案在2003年再次被提出,但同样未能获得通过。
(2)CRS.China,Internet Freedom,and U.S.Policy,2012-07-13 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42601.pdf,2018-10-25.
(3)Alec Ross,U.S.Diplomacy in the Age of Facebook and Twitter:an Address on 21stCentury Statecraft,The Brookings Institution,2009-12-17 https://www.brookings.edu/events/u-s-diplomacy-in-the-age-of-facebook-and-twitter-an-address-on-21st-century-statecraft/,2018-09-06.
(4)Clinton,Hillary,Remarks on Internet Freedom.The Newseum,Washington,DC,2010-01-21,https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm,2018-10-22.
(5)Clinton,Hillary,Internet Rights and Wrongs:Choices and Challenges in a Networked World,George Washington University,Washington,DC,2011-02-15,www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/02/156619.htm,2018-10-22.
(6)President of the United States,International Strategy for Cyberspace,201105,https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf,2018-10-22.
(1)UN Human Rights Council,The promotion,protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet,2012,www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularS essions/Session20/Pages/ResD ecS tat.aspx,2018-10-23.
(2)参见国内学者研究,经引述国外研究得知网络自由这一概念本身就是由持有自由观的美国人极力推动的。张志兵、贾伟:《中国语境下网络内容规制的合理性论证》,《马克思主义与现实》2012年第6期。
(3)不同国家、地区之间的数量比较可参见世界银行数据库,https://data.worldbank.org。
(1)汪芸、顾冠群:《新一代的国际互联网通信协议:IP Version 6》,《电信科学》1996年第12期。尾岛正启:《IPV6从中国开始》,《中国计算机用户》2002年第12期,第17页。
(2)Bureau of Democracy,Human Rights and Labor and Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs,Joint Request for Statements of Interest:Internet Freedom Programs.2012-05-31,https://www.grantsolutions.gov/gs/preaward/previewPublicAnnouncement.do?id=14367&timeZone=EST&cancelMapping=cancelT oA nnouncements,2018-11-05.
(3)CRS.China,Internet Freedom,and U.S.Policy.2012-07-13 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42601.pdf,2018-10-25.
(1)CRS,China,Internet Freedom,and U.S.Policy,2012-07-13 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42601.pdf,2018-10-25.
(2)Clinton,Hillary.,Remarks on Internet Freedom,The Newseum,Washington,DC,2010-01-21,https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm,2018-10-22.
(3)Patricia Moloney Figliola,Internet Freedom in China:U.S.Government Activity,Private Sector Initiatives,and Issues of Congressional Interest,20180518,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45200.pdf,2018-11-05.
(4)Sarah Cook.China's Cyber Superpower Strategy:Implementation,Internet Freedom Implications,and U.S.Responses,2018-09-26,https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Cook-FreedomH ouse-Statement-China-9-26.pdf,2018-11-05.
(5)Office of the Coordinator for Cyber Issues of Department of State,Internet Freedom Fact Sheet.2015-08,https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/255009.pdf,2018-11-05.
(1)刘肖、朱元南:《网络主权论:理论争鸣与国际实践》,《西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2017年第7期。刘小燕、崔远航:《国际网络安全规则创制与政府话语权博弈---技术维度的阐释》,《国际新闻界》2017年第11期。
(2)NTIA.Statement of Assistant Secretary Strickling on IANA Functions Contract,2016,https://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2016/statement-assistant-secretary-strickling-iana-functions-contract.2018-11-05.
(3)已有智库在2014年对ICANN的模式改革进行探讨,如何更好维护美国利益与保护“互联网自由”,而其中的结论即为在ICANN中推行“多利益攸关方”治理模式。见Paul Rosenzweig etc..Protecting Internet Freedom and American Interests:Required Reforms and Standards for ICANN Transition.20140616,https://www.heritage.org/government-regulation/report/protecting-internet-freedom-and-american-interests-required-reforms,2018-11-05,关于美国在互联网方面的发展程度在全球排名情况,可参见世界银行网站上的统计数据。
(4)Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy,Promoting Global Internet Freedom:Government and Industry Initiatives,20160601 https://epic.org/crs/R41837.pdf,2018-11-12.
(1)可见该组织网站首页https://globalnetworkinitiative.org/。
(2)The Consequences of Network Shutdowns and Service Disruptions:A One-page Guide for Policymakers,2017-07-18,https://globalnetworkinitiative.org/the-consequences-of-network-shutdowns-and-service-disruptions-a-one-page-guidefor-policymakers/2018-11-15.
(3)Robert McD owel,l“The U.N.Threat to Internet Freedom,”Wall Street Journal,February 21,2012;Richard Lardner,“A Battle for Internet Freedom as UN Meeting Nears,”Associated Press,June 22,2012.
(4)https://www.state.gov/j/drl/internetfreedom/.
(5)https://freedomonlinecoalition.com/about-us/members/.
(6)转引自蔡翠红、李娟:《美国亚太同盟体系中的网络安全合作》,《世界经济与政治》2018年第6期。
(1)Alec Ross,“Internet Freedom:Historic Roots and the Road Forward,”SAIS Review,Volume 30,Number 2,Summer-Fall 2010,pp.3-15.
(2)Edward Hallett Carr,The Twenty Years'Crisis,1919-1939.New York:Perennial,1964:11.
(3)Alec Ross,“Internet Freedom:Historic Roots and the Road Forward”,SAIS Review,Volume 30,Number 2,Summer-Fall 2010,pp.3-15.
(4)Will Englund,“Russia hears an argument for web freedom”,Washington Post,2011-10-28 http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-hears-an-argument-for-web-freedom/2011/10/28/gI QAFyb ZPM_story.html 2018-11-05.
(5)David Pozen,“The De-Americanization of Internet Freedom”,Lawfare,20180613.
(6)Clinton,Hillary.Remarks on Internet Freedom.The Newseum,Washington,DC,2010-01-21,https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm,2018-10-22.
(7)尉洪池:《话语与权力:全球互联网治理话语与实践分析》,博士学位论文,北京外交学院,2017年,第128-132页。
(1)Will Englund.“Russia hears an argument for web freedom,”Washington Post,2011-10-28 http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-hears-an-argument-for-web-freedom/2011/10/28/gI QAFybZ PM_story.html 2018-10-08.
(2)Alec Ross.“Internet Freedom:Historic Roots and the Road Forward”,SAIS Review,Volume 30,Number 2,Summer-Fall 2010,pp.3-15.
(3)Secretary Kerry,An Open and Secure Internet:We Must Have Both,Korea University,Seoul,Republic of Korea,2015-05-18,https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/05/242553.htm,2018-10-22.
(4)Clinton,Hillary.Remarks on Internet Freedom.The Newseum,Washington,DC,2010-01-21,https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm,2018-10-22.
(1)Office of the coordinator for cyber issues of Department of State.Internet Freedom Fact Sheet.201508,https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/255009.pdf,2018-11-05.
(2)参见Atricia Moloney Figliola.Internet Freedom in China:U.S.Government Activity,Private Sector Initiatives,and Issues of Congressional Interest.20180518,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45200.pdf,2018-11-05.Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy.Promoting Global Internet Freedom:Government and Industry Initiatives.20160601 https://epic.org/crs/R41837.pdf,2018-11-12 Sarah Cook.China's Cyber Superpower Strategy:Implementation,Internet Freedom Implications,and U.S.Responses,2018-09-26,https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Cook-FreedomHouse-Statement-China-9-26.pdf,2018-11-05,2010年谷歌退出中国事件中,美国务卿希拉里数次在演讲中直接指责中国。
(3)Olesya Tkacheva etc..Internet Freedom and Political Space.Rand.Prepared for the U.S.Department of State.201303,https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR295/RAND_RR295.pdf,2018-11-05.
(4)Fergus Hanson.“Baked In and Wired:eD iplomacy@State”,Foreign Policy at BROOKINGS,2012-10-25 https://www.brookings.edu/research/baked-in-and-wired-ediplomacy-state/,2018-11-05。姚立:《揭露:美国是“阿拉伯之春”的背后推手法国出版〈阿拉伯革命背后隐藏的一面〉》一书予以揭露,中国共产党新闻网,2013-01-10 http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2013/0110/c136457-20154891.html,2018-09-22。
(5)Sally Aman,“New Report on U.S.Digital Economy”,U.S.Telecom.2018-03-26 https://www.ustelecom.org/blog/newreport-us-digital-economy,2018-11-05.
(6)Shawn M.Powers,Michael Jablonski,The Real Cyber War:The Political Economy of Internet Freedom,University of Illinois Press,2015.
(1)Allison Graham,“The Thucydides Trap:Are the U.S.and China Headed for War?”The Atlantic,2015-09-24.https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/united-states-china-war-thucydides-trap/406756/,2018-10-22.
(2)Rebecca Mackinnon,Andi Wilson,Liz Woolery.Internet Freedom at a Crossroads:Recommendations for the 45th President's Internet Freedom Agenda.2016-12-21,https://na-production.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Internet_Freedom_Agenda_12_21.pdf,2018-10-22;Sarah Cook.China's Cyber Superpower Strategy:Implementation,Internet Freedom Implications,and U.S.Responses,2018-09-26,https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Cook-FreedomHouse-Statement-China-9-26.pdf,2018-11-05.
(3)Madeline Carr,“Internet Freedom,Human rights and Power,”Australian Journal of International Affairs,vol.67,Issue 5,2013,pp.621-637.
(1)David E.Sanger,“Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran,”New York Time,2012-06-01,https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html,2018-08-15.
(2)CFIUS,“Intervenes in Broadcom's Attempt to Buy Qualcomm,”Economist,2018-03-18,https://www.economist.com/news/business/21738398-powerful-committee-top-american-officials-becomes-more-intrusive-cfius-intervenes,2018-09-16;Martin Giles,“The Powerful Sheriff Policing US Tech's Megadeal”,MIT Tech.Rev.2018-03-09,https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610455/cfius-the-powerful-sheriff-policing-us-techs-megadeal,2018-09-16.
(3)https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/2987?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22National+Defense+Authorization+Act+2019%22%5D%7D&s=2&r=1.
(4)“五只眼睛”(即“五眼联盟”)。是指二战后,英国和美国多项秘密协议,催生的多国监听组织“UKUSA”。该机构由美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大及新西兰的情报机构组成,该五个国家组成的情报间谍联盟内部实现互联互通情报信息,窃取来的商业数据在这些国家的政府部门和公司企业之间共享。
(1)Fergus Hanson,“Baked In and Wired:eD iplomacy@State,”Foreign Policy at BROOKINGS,2012-10-25 https://www.brookings.edu/research/baked-in-and-wired-ediplomacy-state/,2018-11-05.
(2)德国颁布了德国开始正式施行NetzD G法案,马来西亚《反假新闻法》,法国、澳大利亚修正了ISP过滤法案相关讨论、可参见Fergus Hanson.,“Baked In and Wired:eD iplomacy@State,”Foreign Policy at BROOKINGS,2012-10-25 https://www.brookings.edu/research/baked-in-and-wired-ediplomacy-state/,2018-11-05.
(3)Daniel Castro&Alan Mcquinn,Beyond the USA Freedom Act:How U.S.Surveillance Still Subverts U.S.Competitiveness,2015-06-09,https://itif.org/publications/2015/06/09/beyond-usa-freedom-act-how-us-surveillance-still-subvertsus-competitiveness,2018-11-05.
(4)曾对谷歌施加巨额罚款。Ali Breland,“Apple Pays First Batch of MYM15.3B Back Taxes to Ireland,”Hill,2018-05-18,https://thehill.com/policy/technology/388359-apple-pays-first-batch-of-back-taxes-to-ireland.2018-11-05。
(5)Michael J.Abramowitz,Freedom in the World 2018 Democracy in Crisis,2018,https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedomworld/freedom-world-2018,2018-11-15.
(1)刘肖、朱元南:《网络主权论:理论争鸣与国际实践》,《西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2017年第7期。
(2)徐铁光:《西方的网络强势话语权与国际网络正义》,《湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版)》2011年第5期。
(3)魏明革:《美国“互联网自由”战略进程之困》,《当代传播》2013年第3期。
(4)David Pozen,“The De-Americanization of Internet Freedom,”Lawfare,20180613.Alec Ross,“Internet Freedom:Historic Roots and the Road Forward,”SAIS Review,Volume 30,Number 2,Summer-Fall 2010,pp.3-15.
(5)Shawn M.Powers&Michael Jablonski,The Real Cyber War:The Political Economy of Internet Freedom,University of Illinois Press,2015.
(6)Derek Hrynyshyn,“Review on The Real Cyber War:The Political Economy of Internet,”New Media&Society,June 2016,pp.1054-1056.
(1)Shanthi Kalathil,Internet Freedom:A Background Paper,201010,pp.67-80 https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/images/Internet_Freedom_A_Background_Paper_0.pdf,2018-10-06.
(2)参见张志兵等人对前人研究的评述。张志兵、贾伟:《中国语境下网络内容规制的合理性论证》,《马克思主义与现实》2012年第6期。
(3)Clinton,William J.,United States National Security Strategy,Washington,DC:The White House,1999.
(4)Clinton,William J.,Defending America's Cyberspace:National Plan for Information Systems Protection,Washington,DC:The White House,2000.
(1)Global Internet Freedom Act.2002-10-02 https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-107hr5524ih/pdf/BILLS-107hr5524ih.pdf,该法案在2003年再次被提出,但同样未能获得通过。
(2)CRS.China,Internet Freedom,and U.S.Policy,2012-07-13 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42601.pdf,2018-10-25.
(3)Alec Ross,U.S.Diplomacy in the Age of Facebook and Twitter:an Address on 21stCentury Statecraft,The Brookings Institution,2009-12-17 https://www.brookings.edu/events/u-s-diplomacy-in-the-age-of-facebook-and-twitter-an-address-on-21st-century-statecraft/,2018-09-06.
(4)Clinton,Hillary,Remarks on Internet Freedom.The Newseum,Washington,DC,2010-01-21,https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm,2018-10-22.
(5)Clinton,Hillary,Internet Rights and Wrongs:Choices and Challenges in a Networked World,George Washington University,Washington,DC,2011-02-15,www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/02/156619.htm,2018-10-22.
(6)President of the United States,International Strategy for Cyberspace,201105,https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf,2018-10-22.
(1)UN Human Rights Council,The promotion,protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet,2012,www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularS essions/Session20/Pages/ResD ecS tat.aspx,2018-10-23.
(2)参见国内学者研究,经引述国外研究得知网络自由这一概念本身就是由持有自由观的美国人极力推动的。张志兵、贾伟:《中国语境下网络内容规制的合理性论证》,《马克思主义与现实》2012年第6期。
(3)不同国家、地区之间的数量比较可参见世界银行数据库,https://data.worldbank.org。
(1)汪芸、顾冠群:《新一代的国际互联网通信协议:IP Version 6》,《电信科学》1996年第12期。尾岛正启:《IPV6从中国开始》,《中国计算机用户》2002年第12期,第17页。
(2)Bureau of Democracy,Human Rights and Labor and Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs,Joint Request for Statements of Interest:Internet Freedom Programs.2012-05-31,https://www.grantsolutions.gov/gs/preaward/previewPublicAnnouncement.do?id=14367&timeZone=EST&cancelMapping=cancelT oA nnouncements,2018-11-05.
(3)CRS.China,Internet Freedom,and U.S.Policy.2012-07-13 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42601.pdf,2018-10-25.
(1)CRS,China,Internet Freedom,and U.S.Policy,2012-07-13 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42601.pdf,2018-10-25.
(2)Clinton,Hillary.,Remarks on Internet Freedom,The Newseum,Washington,DC,2010-01-21,https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm,2018-10-22.
(3)Patricia Moloney Figliola,Internet Freedom in China:U.S.Government Activity,Private Sector Initiatives,and Issues of Congressional Interest,20180518,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45200.pdf,2018-11-05.
(4)Sarah Cook.China's Cyber Superpower Strategy:Implementation,Internet Freedom Implications,and U.S.Responses,2018-09-26,https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Cook-FreedomH ouse-Statement-China-9-26.pdf,2018-11-05.
(5)Office of the Coordinator for Cyber Issues of Department of State,Internet Freedom Fact Sheet.2015-08,https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/255009.pdf,2018-11-05.
(1)刘肖、朱元南:《网络主权论:理论争鸣与国际实践》,《西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2017年第7期。刘小燕、崔远航:《国际网络安全规则创制与政府话语权博弈---技术维度的阐释》,《国际新闻界》2017年第11期。
(2)NTIA.Statement of Assistant Secretary Strickling on IANA Functions Contract,2016,https://www.ntia.doc.gov/press-release/2016/statement-assistant-secretary-strickling-iana-functions-contract.2018-11-05.
(3)已有智库在2014年对ICANN的模式改革进行探讨,如何更好维护美国利益与保护“互联网自由”,而其中的结论即为在ICANN中推行“多利益攸关方”治理模式。见Paul Rosenzweig etc..Protecting Internet Freedom and American Interests:Required Reforms and Standards for ICANN Transition.20140616,https://www.heritage.org/government-regulation/report/protecting-internet-freedom-and-american-interests-required-reforms,2018-11-05,关于美国在互联网方面的发展程度在全球排名情况,可参见世界银行网站上的统计数据。
(4)Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy,Promoting Global Internet Freedom:Government and Industry Initiatives,20160601 https://epic.org/crs/R41837.pdf,2018-11-12.
(1)可见该组织网站首页https://globalnetworkinitiative.org/。
(2)The Consequences of Network Shutdowns and Service Disruptions:A One-page Guide for Policymakers,2017-07-18,https://globalnetworkinitiative.org/the-consequences-of-network-shutdowns-and-service-disruptions-a-one-page-guidefor-policymakers/2018-11-15.
(3)Robert McD owel,l“The U.N.Threat to Internet Freedom,”Wall Street Journal,February 21,2012;Richard Lardner,“A Battle for Internet Freedom as UN Meeting Nears,”Associated Press,June 22,2012.
(4)https://www.state.gov/j/drl/internetfreedom/.
(5)https://freedomonlinecoalition.com/about-us/members/.
(6)转引自蔡翠红、李娟:《美国亚太同盟体系中的网络安全合作》,《世界经济与政治》2018年第6期。
(1)Alec Ross,“Internet Freedom:Historic Roots and the Road Forward,”SAIS Review,Volume 30,Number 2,Summer-Fall 2010,pp.3-15.
(2)Edward Hallett Carr,The Twenty Years'Crisis,1919-1939.New York:Perennial,1964:11.
(3)Alec Ross,“Internet Freedom:Historic Roots and the Road Forward”,SAIS Review,Volume 30,Number 2,Summer-Fall 2010,pp.3-15.
(4)Will Englund,“Russia hears an argument for web freedom”,Washington Post,2011-10-28 http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-hears-an-argument-for-web-freedom/2011/10/28/gI QAFyb ZPM_story.html 2018-11-05.
(5)David Pozen,“The De-Americanization of Internet Freedom”,Lawfare,20180613.
(6)Clinton,Hillary.Remarks on Internet Freedom.The Newseum,Washington,DC,2010-01-21,https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm,2018-10-22.
(7)尉洪池:《话语与权力:全球互联网治理话语与实践分析》,博士学位论文,北京外交学院,2017年,第128-132页。
(1)Will Englund.“Russia hears an argument for web freedom,”Washington Post,2011-10-28 http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-hears-an-argument-for-web-freedom/2011/10/28/gI QAFybZ PM_story.html 2018-10-08.
(2)Alec Ross.“Internet Freedom:Historic Roots and the Road Forward”,SAIS Review,Volume 30,Number 2,Summer-Fall 2010,pp.3-15.
(3)Secretary Kerry,An Open and Secure Internet:We Must Have Both,Korea University,Seoul,Republic of Korea,2015-05-18,https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/05/242553.htm,2018-10-22.
(4)Clinton,Hillary.Remarks on Internet Freedom.The Newseum,Washington,DC,2010-01-21,https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm,2018-10-22.
(1)Office of the coordinator for cyber issues of Department of State.Internet Freedom Fact Sheet.201508,https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/255009.pdf,2018-11-05.
(2)参见Atricia Moloney Figliola.Internet Freedom in China:U.S.Government Activity,Private Sector Initiatives,and Issues of Congressional Interest.20180518,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45200.pdf,2018-11-05.Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy.Promoting Global Internet Freedom:Government and Industry Initiatives.20160601 https://epic.org/crs/R41837.pdf,2018-11-12 Sarah Cook.China's Cyber Superpower Strategy:Implementation,Internet Freedom Implications,and U.S.Responses,2018-09-26,https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Cook-FreedomHouse-Statement-China-9-26.pdf,2018-11-05,2010年谷歌退出中国事件中,美国务卿希拉里数次在演讲中直接指责中国。
(3)Olesya Tkacheva etc..Internet Freedom and Political Space.Rand.Prepared for the U.S.Department of State.201303,https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR295/RAND_RR295.pdf,2018-11-05.
(4)Fergus Hanson.“Baked In and Wired:eD iplomacy@State”,Foreign Policy at BROOKINGS,2012-10-25 https://www.brookings.edu/research/baked-in-and-wired-ediplomacy-state/,2018-11-05。姚立:《揭露:美国是“阿拉伯之春”的背后推手法国出版〈阿拉伯革命背后隐藏的一面〉》一书予以揭露,中国共产党新闻网,2013-01-10 http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2013/0110/c136457-20154891.html,2018-09-22。
(5)Sally Aman,“New Report on U.S.Digital Economy”,U.S.Telecom.2018-03-26 https://www.ustelecom.org/blog/newreport-us-digital-economy,2018-11-05.
(6)Shawn M.Powers,Michael Jablonski,The Real Cyber War:The Political Economy of Internet Freedom,University of Illinois Press,2015.
(1)Allison Graham,“The Thucydides Trap:Are the U.S.and China Headed for War?”The Atlantic,2015-09-24.https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/united-states-china-war-thucydides-trap/406756/,2018-10-22.
(2)Rebecca Mackinnon,Andi Wilson,Liz Woolery.Internet Freedom at a Crossroads:Recommendations for the 45th President's Internet Freedom Agenda.2016-12-21,https://na-production.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Internet_Freedom_Agenda_12_21.pdf,2018-10-22;Sarah Cook.China's Cyber Superpower Strategy:Implementation,Internet Freedom Implications,and U.S.Responses,2018-09-26,https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Cook-FreedomHouse-Statement-China-9-26.pdf,2018-11-05.
(3)Madeline Carr,“Internet Freedom,Human rights and Power,”Australian Journal of International Affairs,vol.67,Issue 5,2013,pp.621-637.
(1)David E.Sanger,“Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran,”New York Time,2012-06-01,https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html,2018-08-15.
(2)CFIUS,“Intervenes in Broadcom's Attempt to Buy Qualcomm,”Economist,2018-03-18,https://www.economist.com/news/business/21738398-powerful-committee-top-american-officials-becomes-more-intrusive-cfius-intervenes,2018-09-16;Martin Giles,“The Powerful Sheriff Policing US Tech's Megadeal”,MIT Tech.Rev.2018-03-09,https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610455/cfius-the-powerful-sheriff-policing-us-techs-megadeal,2018-09-16.
(3)https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/2987?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22National+Defense+Authorization+Act+2019%22%5D%7D&s=2&r=1.
(4)“五只眼睛”(即“五眼联盟”)。是指二战后,英国和美国多项秘密协议,催生的多国监听组织“UKUSA”。该机构由美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大及新西兰的情报机构组成,该五个国家组成的情报间谍联盟内部实现互联互通情报信息,窃取来的商业数据在这些国家的政府部门和公司企业之间共享。
(1)Fergus Hanson,“Baked In and Wired:eD iplomacy@State,”Foreign Policy at BROOKINGS,2012-10-25 https://www.brookings.edu/research/baked-in-and-wired-ediplomacy-state/,2018-11-05.
(2)德国颁布了德国开始正式施行NetzD G法案,马来西亚《反假新闻法》,法国、澳大利亚修正了ISP过滤法案相关讨论、可参见Fergus Hanson.,“Baked In and Wired:eD iplomacy@State,”Foreign Policy at BROOKINGS,2012-10-25 https://www.brookings.edu/research/baked-in-and-wired-ediplomacy-state/,2018-11-05.
(3)Daniel Castro&Alan Mcquinn,Beyond the USA Freedom Act:How U.S.Surveillance Still Subverts U.S.Competitiveness,2015-06-09,https://itif.org/publications/2015/06/09/beyond-usa-freedom-act-how-us-surveillance-still-subvertsus-competitiveness,2018-11-05.
(4)曾对谷歌施加巨额罚款。Ali Breland,“Apple Pays First Batch of MYM15.3B Back Taxes to Ireland,”Hill,2018-05-18,https://thehill.com/policy/technology/388359-apple-pays-first-batch-of-back-taxes-to-ireland.2018-11-05。
(5)Michael J.Abramowitz,Freedom in the World 2018 Democracy in Crisis,2018,https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedomworld/freedom-world-2018,2018-11-15.