LIBS与其它原子光谱技术在机油检测中的研究进展
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摘要
发动机机油中磨损元素在发动机正常运转中发挥着重要的作用,对其进行实时检测可以预知事故的发生,防止发动机进一步磨损,因此实现机油中磨损元素的探测具有重要的应用价值。归纳了利用原子光谱对机油检测的关键问题,指出了原子发射光谱技术中的激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术和其它原子光谱技术在机油样品检测方面的研究进展,讨论了各种技术的优缺点。介绍了LIBS技术在机油检测方面的优势,引入了间接烧蚀LIBS技术。该技术不仅保存了LIBS技术本身的优势,而且大大提高了检测灵敏度。用间接烧蚀LIBS技术探测机油中磨损元素,具有巨大的应用前景,对该技术的现场探测应用进行了展望。
Wear elements in engine oil play important roles in the normal operation of engines. Real-time detection of wear elements in engine oil can prevent engine from wearing and predict accidents. Therefore,the detection of wear elements in oil has important application value. The key problems of atomic spectroscopy in oil detection are summarized. The research advances of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy( LIBS) and other techniquesof atomic emission spectroscopy in oil sample detection are pointed out. The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques are analyzed. The advantages of LIBS technology in oil detection are introduced,and then indirect ablative LIBS technology is introduced. The technology of indirect ablative LIBS not only preserves the advantages of LIBS technology itself,but also improves detection sensitivity greatly. The use of indirect ablative LIBS technology to detect wear elements in oil has a great application prospect. The application of this technology in field detection is prospected.
Wear elements in engine oil play important roles in the normal operation of engines. Real-time detection of wear elements in engine oil can prevent engine from wearing and predict accidents. Therefore,the detection of wear elements in oil has important application value. The key problems of atomic spectroscopy in oil detection are summarized. The research advances of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy( LIBS) and other techniquesof atomic emission spectroscopy in oil sample detection are pointed out. The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques are analyzed. The advantages of LIBS technology in oil detection are introduced,and then indirect ablative LIBS technology is introduced. The technology of indirect ablative LIBS not only preserves the advantages of LIBS technology itself,but also improves detection sensitivity greatly. The use of indirect ablative LIBS technology to detect wear elements in oil has a great application prospect. The application of this technology in field detection is prospected.
引文
[1]AUCELIO R Q,SOUZA R M D,CAMPOS R C D,et al.The determination of trace metals in lubricating oils by atomic spectrometry[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2007,B62(9):952-961.
[2]MCELROY F,MENNITO A,DEBRAH E,et al.Uses and applications of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the petrochemical industry[J].Spectroscopy,1998,13(2):42-53.
[3]VARNES A W.Analytical methods for the analysis of petroleum products[J].Spectroscopy,1985,1(1):28-33.
[4]SYCHRA V,LANG I,SEBOR G.Analysis of petroleum and petroleum products by atomic absorption spectroscopy and related techniques[J].Progress in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy,1981,4(1):341-426.
[5]KING A D,HILLIGOSS D R,WALLACE G F.Comparison of results for determination of wear metals in used lubricating oils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry[J].Atomic Spectroscopy,1984,5(4):189-191.
[6]GUAN L,FENG X L,XIONG G,et al.Application of dielectric spectroscopy for engine lubricating oil degradation monitoring[J].Sensors&Actuators,2011,A168(1):22-29.
[7]EISENTRAUT K J,NEWMAN R W,SABA C S,et al.Spectrometric oil analysis,detecting engine failures before they occur[J].Analytical Chemistry,1984,56(9):1086A-1091A.
[8]MUNOZ R A A,ANGNES L.Simultaneous determination of copper and lead in ethanol fuel by anodic stripping voltammetry[J].Microchemical Journal,2004,77(2):157-162.
[9]GARCIA-ANTON J,GRIMA R.Determination of zinc in lubricating oil by polarography of emulsified samples[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,1992,343(12):905-906.
[10]TAMRAKAR P K,PITRE K S.Electroanalysis of trace metals in lubricating oils[J].Bulletin of Electrochemistry,2002,18(1):35-40.
[11]MUNOZ R A A,SILVA C S,CORREIA P R M,et al.Potentiometric stripping analysis for simultaneous determination of copper and lead in lubricating oils after total digestion in a focused microwaveassisted oven[J].Microchimica Acta,2005,149(3/4):199-204.
[12]MUNOZ R A A,OLIVEIRA P V,ANGNES L.Combination of ultrasonic extraction and stripping analysis:An effective and reliable way for the determination of Cu and Pb in lubricating oils[J].Talanta,2006,68(3):850-856.
[13]POUZAR M,CERNOHORSKY'T,KREJCOV A.Determination of metals in lubricating oils by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry[J].Talanta,2001,54(5):829-835.
[14]FASSEL V A,PETERSON C A,ABERCROMBIE F N,et al.Simultaneous determination of wear metals in lubricating oils by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,1976,48(3):516-519.
[15]BROWN R J.Determination of trace metals in petroleum and petroleum products using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer[J].Spectrochimica Acta,1983,B38(1):283-289.
[16]MERRYFIELD R N,LOYD R C.Simultaneous determination of metals in oil by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(12):1965-1968.
[17]KUOKKANEN T,PERAMAKI P,VALIMAKI I,et al.Determination of heavy metals in waste lubricating oils by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry[J].International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry,2001,81(2):89-100.
[18]SOUZA R M,DA S C,AUCéLIO R Q.Determination of refractory elements in used lubricating oil by ICPOES employing emulsified sample introduction and calibration with inorganic standards[J].Analytical Sciences,2004,20(2):351-355.
[19]WYNN T F,CLARDY P,VAUGHN L,et al.Wavelength-modulated,continuum-source excited atomic fluorescence spectrometric system for wear metals in jet engine lubricating oils using electrothermal atomization[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1981,124(1):155-161.
[20]JOHNSON D J,PLANKEY F W,WINEFORDNER J D.Analysis of wear metals injet-engine oils via atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry with acontinuum source[J].Canadian Journal of Spectroscopy,1974,5(1):151-152.
[21]WINEFORDNER J D,FRASER L M,MILLER R L.A combination flame atomic fluorescence-atomic emission dc spectrometer for analysis of trace wear metals in jet engine oils[J].Applied Spectroscopy,1971,25(4):477-482.
[22]KNOCHEN M,SIXTO A,PIGNALOSA G,et al.Determination of insolubles in diesel lubricating oil by FIA-visible spectrometry[J].Talanta,2004,64(5):1359-1363.
[23]PIGNALOSA G,KNOCHEN M.Determination of wear metals in lubricating oils using flow injection AAS[J].Atomic Spectroscopy,2001,22(1):250-257.
[24]TUELLA T M,ULLMAN A H,POLLARD B D,et al.A comparative study of standards for determinations of trace wear metals in jet engine oils[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1979,108(1):351-356.
[25]BURGUERA J L,BURGUERA M,ANTN R E,et al.Determination of aluminum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy in lubricating oils emulsified in a sequential injection analysis system[J].Talanta,2005,68(2):179-86.
[26]ESCOBAR M P,SMITH B W,WINEFORDNER J D.Determination of metallo-organic species in lubricating oil by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1996,320(1):11-17.
[27]DUYCK C,MIEKELEY N,SATMARI P.Trace element determination in crude oil and its fractions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using ultrasonic nebulization of toluene solutions[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2002,B57(12):1979-1990.
[28]BINGS N H.Direct determination of metals in lubricating oils by laser ablation coupled to inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,2002,17(8):759-767.
[29]ANNA P M M.Review:Applications of single-shot laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2010,B65(3):185-191.
[30]HAHN D W,OMENETTO N.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS),partⅡ:review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2012,66(4):347-419.
[31]HARMON R S,DELUCIA F C,Mc MANUS C E,et al.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy—An emerging chemical sensor technology for real-time field-portable,geochemical,mineralogical,and environmental applications[J].Applied Geochemistry,2006,21(5):730-747.
[32]WANG Z,YUAN T B,HOU Z Y,et al.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in China[J].Frontiers of Physics,2014,9(4):419-438.
[33]CACERES J O,TORNERO LOPEZ J,TELLE H H,et al.Quantitative analysis of trace metal ions in ice using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2001,B56(6):831-838.
[34]CHEN Z,LI H,LIU M,et al.Fast and sensitive trace metal analysis in aqueous solutions by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using wood slice substrates[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2008,B63(1):64-68.
[35]ALAMELU D,SARKAR A,AGGARWAL S K.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for simultaneous determination of Sm,Eu and Gd in aqueous solution[J].Talanta,2008,77(1):256-261.
[36]SARKAR A,ALAMELU D,AGGARWAL S K.Determination of thorium and uranium in solution by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry[J].Applied Optics,2008,47(31):G58-G64.
[37]XIU J Sh,ZHONG S L,HOU H M,et al.Quantitative determination of manganese in aqueous solutions and seawater by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)using paper substrates.[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2014,68(9):1039-1045.
[38]AGUIRRE M A,LEGNAIOLI S,ALMODOVAR F,et al.Elemental analysis by surface-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with liquid-liquid microextraction[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2013,B79/80(3):88-93.
[39]GONDAL M A,HUSSAIN T,YAMANI Z H,et al.Detection of heavy metals in Arabian crude oil residue using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Talanta,2006,69(5):1072-1078.
[40]FORTES F J,CTVRTNICKOVA T,MATEO M P,et al.Spectrochemical study for the in situ,detection of oil spill residues using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2010,683(1):52-57.
[41]HUSSAIN T,GONDAL M A.Monitoring and assessment of toxic metals in Gulf War oil spill contaminated soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2008,136(1/3):391-399.
[42]FICHET P,MAUCHIEN P,WAGNER J F,et al.Quantitative elemental determination in water and oil by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2001,429(2):269-278.
[43]YAROSHCHYK P,MORRISON R J S,BODY D,et al.Quantitative determination of wear metals in engine oils using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy:a comparison between liquid jets and static liquids[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2005,B60(7/8):986-992.
[44]YAROSHCHYK P,MORRISON R J S,BODY D,et al.Quantitative determination of wear metals in engine oils using LIBS:the use of paper substrates and a comparison between single-and doublepulse LIBS[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2005,B60(11):1482-1485.
[45]ELNASHARTY I Y,KASSEM A K,SABSABI M,et al.Diagnosis of lubricating oil by evaluating cyanide and carbon molecular emission lines in laser induced breakdown spectra[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2011,B66(8):588-593.
[46]XIU J Sh,BAI X Sh,NEGRE E,et al.Indirect laser-induced breakdown of transparent thin gel layer for sensitive trace element detection[J].Applied Physics Letters,2013,102(24):2441011-2441015.
[47]XIU J Sh,BAI X Sh,MOTTO-ROS V,et al.Characteristics of indirect laser-induced plasma from a thin film of oil on a metallic substrate[J].Frontiers of Physics,2015,10(2):115-123.
[48]XIU J Sh,MOTTO-ROS V,PANCZER G,et al.Feasibility of wear metal analysis in oils with parts per million and sub-parts per million sensitivities using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of thin oil layer on metallic target[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2014,B91(1):24-30.
[49]XIU J Sh,DONG L L,QIN H,et al.Investigation of the matrix effect on the accuracy of quantitative analysis of trace metals in liquids using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with solid substrates[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2016,70(12):2016-2024.
[50]ZHENG L J,CAO F,XIU J Sh,et al.On the performance of laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy for direct determination of trace metals in lubricating oils[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2014,B99(9):1-8.
[2]MCELROY F,MENNITO A,DEBRAH E,et al.Uses and applications of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the petrochemical industry[J].Spectroscopy,1998,13(2):42-53.
[3]VARNES A W.Analytical methods for the analysis of petroleum products[J].Spectroscopy,1985,1(1):28-33.
[4]SYCHRA V,LANG I,SEBOR G.Analysis of petroleum and petroleum products by atomic absorption spectroscopy and related techniques[J].Progress in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy,1981,4(1):341-426.
[5]KING A D,HILLIGOSS D R,WALLACE G F.Comparison of results for determination of wear metals in used lubricating oils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry[J].Atomic Spectroscopy,1984,5(4):189-191.
[6]GUAN L,FENG X L,XIONG G,et al.Application of dielectric spectroscopy for engine lubricating oil degradation monitoring[J].Sensors&Actuators,2011,A168(1):22-29.
[7]EISENTRAUT K J,NEWMAN R W,SABA C S,et al.Spectrometric oil analysis,detecting engine failures before they occur[J].Analytical Chemistry,1984,56(9):1086A-1091A.
[8]MUNOZ R A A,ANGNES L.Simultaneous determination of copper and lead in ethanol fuel by anodic stripping voltammetry[J].Microchemical Journal,2004,77(2):157-162.
[9]GARCIA-ANTON J,GRIMA R.Determination of zinc in lubricating oil by polarography of emulsified samples[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,1992,343(12):905-906.
[10]TAMRAKAR P K,PITRE K S.Electroanalysis of trace metals in lubricating oils[J].Bulletin of Electrochemistry,2002,18(1):35-40.
[11]MUNOZ R A A,SILVA C S,CORREIA P R M,et al.Potentiometric stripping analysis for simultaneous determination of copper and lead in lubricating oils after total digestion in a focused microwaveassisted oven[J].Microchimica Acta,2005,149(3/4):199-204.
[12]MUNOZ R A A,OLIVEIRA P V,ANGNES L.Combination of ultrasonic extraction and stripping analysis:An effective and reliable way for the determination of Cu and Pb in lubricating oils[J].Talanta,2006,68(3):850-856.
[13]POUZAR M,CERNOHORSKY'T,KREJCOV A.Determination of metals in lubricating oils by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry[J].Talanta,2001,54(5):829-835.
[14]FASSEL V A,PETERSON C A,ABERCROMBIE F N,et al.Simultaneous determination of wear metals in lubricating oils by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,1976,48(3):516-519.
[15]BROWN R J.Determination of trace metals in petroleum and petroleum products using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer[J].Spectrochimica Acta,1983,B38(1):283-289.
[16]MERRYFIELD R N,LOYD R C.Simultaneous determination of metals in oil by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(12):1965-1968.
[17]KUOKKANEN T,PERAMAKI P,VALIMAKI I,et al.Determination of heavy metals in waste lubricating oils by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry[J].International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry,2001,81(2):89-100.
[18]SOUZA R M,DA S C,AUCéLIO R Q.Determination of refractory elements in used lubricating oil by ICPOES employing emulsified sample introduction and calibration with inorganic standards[J].Analytical Sciences,2004,20(2):351-355.
[19]WYNN T F,CLARDY P,VAUGHN L,et al.Wavelength-modulated,continuum-source excited atomic fluorescence spectrometric system for wear metals in jet engine lubricating oils using electrothermal atomization[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1981,124(1):155-161.
[20]JOHNSON D J,PLANKEY F W,WINEFORDNER J D.Analysis of wear metals injet-engine oils via atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry with acontinuum source[J].Canadian Journal of Spectroscopy,1974,5(1):151-152.
[21]WINEFORDNER J D,FRASER L M,MILLER R L.A combination flame atomic fluorescence-atomic emission dc spectrometer for analysis of trace wear metals in jet engine oils[J].Applied Spectroscopy,1971,25(4):477-482.
[22]KNOCHEN M,SIXTO A,PIGNALOSA G,et al.Determination of insolubles in diesel lubricating oil by FIA-visible spectrometry[J].Talanta,2004,64(5):1359-1363.
[23]PIGNALOSA G,KNOCHEN M.Determination of wear metals in lubricating oils using flow injection AAS[J].Atomic Spectroscopy,2001,22(1):250-257.
[24]TUELLA T M,ULLMAN A H,POLLARD B D,et al.A comparative study of standards for determinations of trace wear metals in jet engine oils[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1979,108(1):351-356.
[25]BURGUERA J L,BURGUERA M,ANTN R E,et al.Determination of aluminum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy in lubricating oils emulsified in a sequential injection analysis system[J].Talanta,2005,68(2):179-86.
[26]ESCOBAR M P,SMITH B W,WINEFORDNER J D.Determination of metallo-organic species in lubricating oil by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1996,320(1):11-17.
[27]DUYCK C,MIEKELEY N,SATMARI P.Trace element determination in crude oil and its fractions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using ultrasonic nebulization of toluene solutions[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2002,B57(12):1979-1990.
[28]BINGS N H.Direct determination of metals in lubricating oils by laser ablation coupled to inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,2002,17(8):759-767.
[29]ANNA P M M.Review:Applications of single-shot laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2010,B65(3):185-191.
[30]HAHN D W,OMENETTO N.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS),partⅡ:review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2012,66(4):347-419.
[31]HARMON R S,DELUCIA F C,Mc MANUS C E,et al.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy—An emerging chemical sensor technology for real-time field-portable,geochemical,mineralogical,and environmental applications[J].Applied Geochemistry,2006,21(5):730-747.
[32]WANG Z,YUAN T B,HOU Z Y,et al.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in China[J].Frontiers of Physics,2014,9(4):419-438.
[33]CACERES J O,TORNERO LOPEZ J,TELLE H H,et al.Quantitative analysis of trace metal ions in ice using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2001,B56(6):831-838.
[34]CHEN Z,LI H,LIU M,et al.Fast and sensitive trace metal analysis in aqueous solutions by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using wood slice substrates[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2008,B63(1):64-68.
[35]ALAMELU D,SARKAR A,AGGARWAL S K.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for simultaneous determination of Sm,Eu and Gd in aqueous solution[J].Talanta,2008,77(1):256-261.
[36]SARKAR A,ALAMELU D,AGGARWAL S K.Determination of thorium and uranium in solution by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry[J].Applied Optics,2008,47(31):G58-G64.
[37]XIU J Sh,ZHONG S L,HOU H M,et al.Quantitative determination of manganese in aqueous solutions and seawater by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)using paper substrates.[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2014,68(9):1039-1045.
[38]AGUIRRE M A,LEGNAIOLI S,ALMODOVAR F,et al.Elemental analysis by surface-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with liquid-liquid microextraction[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2013,B79/80(3):88-93.
[39]GONDAL M A,HUSSAIN T,YAMANI Z H,et al.Detection of heavy metals in Arabian crude oil residue using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Talanta,2006,69(5):1072-1078.
[40]FORTES F J,CTVRTNICKOVA T,MATEO M P,et al.Spectrochemical study for the in situ,detection of oil spill residues using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2010,683(1):52-57.
[41]HUSSAIN T,GONDAL M A.Monitoring and assessment of toxic metals in Gulf War oil spill contaminated soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2008,136(1/3):391-399.
[42]FICHET P,MAUCHIEN P,WAGNER J F,et al.Quantitative elemental determination in water and oil by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2001,429(2):269-278.
[43]YAROSHCHYK P,MORRISON R J S,BODY D,et al.Quantitative determination of wear metals in engine oils using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy:a comparison between liquid jets and static liquids[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2005,B60(7/8):986-992.
[44]YAROSHCHYK P,MORRISON R J S,BODY D,et al.Quantitative determination of wear metals in engine oils using LIBS:the use of paper substrates and a comparison between single-and doublepulse LIBS[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2005,B60(11):1482-1485.
[45]ELNASHARTY I Y,KASSEM A K,SABSABI M,et al.Diagnosis of lubricating oil by evaluating cyanide and carbon molecular emission lines in laser induced breakdown spectra[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2011,B66(8):588-593.
[46]XIU J Sh,BAI X Sh,NEGRE E,et al.Indirect laser-induced breakdown of transparent thin gel layer for sensitive trace element detection[J].Applied Physics Letters,2013,102(24):2441011-2441015.
[47]XIU J Sh,BAI X Sh,MOTTO-ROS V,et al.Characteristics of indirect laser-induced plasma from a thin film of oil on a metallic substrate[J].Frontiers of Physics,2015,10(2):115-123.
[48]XIU J Sh,MOTTO-ROS V,PANCZER G,et al.Feasibility of wear metal analysis in oils with parts per million and sub-parts per million sensitivities using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of thin oil layer on metallic target[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2014,B91(1):24-30.
[49]XIU J Sh,DONG L L,QIN H,et al.Investigation of the matrix effect on the accuracy of quantitative analysis of trace metals in liquids using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with solid substrates[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2016,70(12):2016-2024.
[50]ZHENG L J,CAO F,XIU J Sh,et al.On the performance of laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy for direct determination of trace metals in lubricating oils[J].Spectrochimica Acta,2014,B99(9):1-8.