基于特征迁移和实例迁移的跨项目缺陷预测方法
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摘要
在实际软件开发中,需要进行缺陷预测的项目可能是一个新启动项目,或者这个项目的历史训练数据较为稀缺.一种解决方案是利用其他项目(即源项目)已搜集的训练数据来构建模型,并完成对当前项目(即目标项目)的预测.但不同项目的数据集间会存在较大的分布差异性.针对该问题,从特征迁移和实例迁移角度出发,提出了一种两阶段跨项目缺陷预测方法 FeCTrA.具体来说,在特征迁移阶段,该方法借助聚类分析选出源项目与目标项目之间具有高分布相似度的特征;在实例迁移阶段,该方法基于TrAdaBoost方法,借助目标项目中的少量已标注实例,从源项目中选出与这些已标注实例分布相近的实例.为了验证FeCTrA方法的有效性,选择Relink数据集和AEEEM数据集作为评测对象,以F1作为评测指标.首先,FeCTrA方法的预测性能要优于仅考虑特征迁移阶段或实例迁移阶段的单阶段方法;其次,与经典的跨项目缺陷预测方法 TCA+、Peters过滤法、Burak过滤法以及DCPDP法相比,FeCTrA方法的预测性能在Relink数据集上可以分别提升23%、7.2%、9.8%和38.2%,在AEEEM数据集上可以分别提升96.5%、108.5%、103.6%和107.9%;最后,分析了FeCTrA方法内的影响因素对预测性能的影响,从而为有效使用FeCTrA方法提供了指南.
In real software development, a project, which needs defect prediction, may be a new project or maybe has less training data.A simple solution is to use training data from other projects(i.e., source projects) to construct the model, and use the trained model to perform prediction on the current project(i.e., target project). However, datasets among different projects may have large distribution difference. To solve this problem, a novel two phase cross-project defect prediction method FeCTrA is proposed, which considers both feature transfer and instance transfer. In the feature transfer phase, FeCTrA uses cluster analysis to select features, which have high distribution similarity between the source project and the target project. In the instance transfer phase, FeCTrA utilizes TrAdaBoost, which selects relevant instances from the source project when give some labeled instances in the target project. To verify the effectiveness of FeCTrA, Relink and AEEEM datasets are choosen as the experimental subjects and F1 as the performance measure. Firstly, it is found that FeCTrA outperforms single phase methods, which only consider feature transfer or instance transfer. Then after comparing with state-of-the-art baseline methods(i.e., TCA+, Peters filter, Burak filter, and DCPDP), the performance of FeCTrA improves 23%, 7.2%,9.8%, and 38.2% on Relink dataset and the performance of FeCTrA improves 96.5%, 108.5%, 103.6%, and 107.9% on AEEEM dataset.Finally, the influence of factors in FeCTrA is analyzed and a guideline to effectively use this method is provided.
In real software development, a project, which needs defect prediction, may be a new project or maybe has less training data.A simple solution is to use training data from other projects(i.e., source projects) to construct the model, and use the trained model to perform prediction on the current project(i.e., target project). However, datasets among different projects may have large distribution difference. To solve this problem, a novel two phase cross-project defect prediction method FeCTrA is proposed, which considers both feature transfer and instance transfer. In the feature transfer phase, FeCTrA uses cluster analysis to select features, which have high distribution similarity between the source project and the target project. In the instance transfer phase, FeCTrA utilizes TrAdaBoost, which selects relevant instances from the source project when give some labeled instances in the target project. To verify the effectiveness of FeCTrA, Relink and AEEEM datasets are choosen as the experimental subjects and F1 as the performance measure. Firstly, it is found that FeCTrA outperforms single phase methods, which only consider feature transfer or instance transfer. Then after comparing with state-of-the-art baseline methods(i.e., TCA+, Peters filter, Burak filter, and DCPDP), the performance of FeCTrA improves 23%, 7.2%,9.8%, and 38.2% on Relink dataset and the performance of FeCTrA improves 96.5%, 108.5%, 103.6%, and 107.9% on AEEEM dataset.Finally, the influence of factors in FeCTrA is analyzed and a guideline to effectively use this method is provided.
引文
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[3]Hall T,Beecham S,Bowes D,et al.A systematic literature review on fault prediction performance in software engineering.IEEETrans.on Software Engineering,2012,38(6):1276-1304.
[4]Hosseini S,Turhan B,Gunarathna D.A systematic literature review and metaanalysis on cross project defect prediction.IEEETrans.on Software Engineering,2019,45(2):111-147.[5]陈翔,王莉萍,顾庆,王赞,倪超,刘望舒,王秋萍.跨项目软件缺陷预测方法研究综述.计算机学报,2018,41(1):254-274.
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[13]Peters F,Menzies T,Marcus A.Better cross company defect prediction.In:Proc.of the IEEE Working Conf.on Mining Software Repositories.2013.409-418.
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[15]Zimmermann T,Nagappan N,Gall H,Giger E,Murphy B.Cross-project defect prediction:A large scale experiment on data vs.domain vs.process.In:Proc.of the Joint Meeting of the European Software Engineering Conf.and the ACM SIGSOFT Symp.on the Foundations of Software Engineering.2009.91-100.
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[17]Liu WS,Liu SL,Gu Q,Chen JQ,Chen X,Chen DX.Empirical studies of a two-stage data preprocessing approach for software fault prediction.IEEE Trans.on Reliability,2016,65(1):38-53.
[18]Chen X,Zhao YQ,Wang QP,Yuan ZD.Multi:Multi-objective effort-aware just-in-time software defect prediction.Information and Software Technology,2018,93:1-13.
[19]Chen X,Zhang D,Zhao YQ,Cui ZQ,Ni C.Software defect number prediction:Unsupervised vs supervised methods.Information and Software Technology,2019,106:161-181.
[20]Liu WS,Chen X,Gu Q,Liu SL,Chen DX.A cluster analysis based feature selection method for software defect prediction.Scientia Sinica Informationis,2016,46(9):1298-1320(in Chinese with English abstract).[20]刘望舒,陈翔,顾庆,刘树龙,陈道蓄.软件缺陷预测中基于聚类分析的特征选择方法.中国科学:信息科学,2016,46(9):1298-1320.
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[23]Peters F,Menzies T,Layman L.Lace2:Better privacy-preserving data sharing for cross project defect prediction.In:Proc.of the Int’l Conf.on Software Engineering.2015.801-811.
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