放牧对典型草原区土壤水分及其对降雨响应规律的影响
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摘要
为研究放牧对典型草原区土壤水分及其对降雨响应规律的影响,通过在内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗设置试验,对禁牧区和放牧区5cm、10cm、15cm、30cm层土壤体积含水率和降雨量进行监测和分析。分析表明:放牧会导致草原地上生物量减少,植被抑制土壤蒸发的作用减弱,降雨转化率降低;放牧会破坏0～15cm层植被根系,根系吸水能力减弱,上层土壤水分向下运移,从而放牧区0～15cm层含水量小于禁牧区,30cm层却大于禁牧区;禁牧区与放牧区5cm、10cm和15cm层土壤水分对降雨的响应相似,单次或累积降雨量大于10mm时,土壤含水量即有显著增加,但会因干旱间隔(两次降雨事件之间无降雨日数)时间的不同而变化,禁牧区含水量更加敏感,增加幅度较大;禁牧区30cm层土壤水分对降雨的响应有滞后现象,单次降雨量大于30mm或累积降雨量大于20mm且干旱间隔时间≤3d时,才有显著增加,放牧区30cm层只在干旱间隔较短(≤2d)的连续大降雨后有明显波动;禁牧区0～30cm层土壤水分的增加都与降雨量、降雨强度极显著相关,放牧区0～15cm层与降雨量极显著相关,0～10cm层与降雨强度极显著相关。
The change of grassland hydrology under the influence of human is the key to grassland ecology and rational utilization of water resources. In order to study the effects of grazing on soil moisture and its response to rainfall in arid and semi-arid typical grassland, the soil moisture content and rainfall in 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm soil layers of grazing-prohibition and grazing areas were monitored and analyzed by setting up weather stations in West Ujimqin Banner of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that grazing would reduce the above-ground biomass of grassland, weaken the inhibition of vegetation on soil evaporation, shorten the rate of rainfall conversion; Grazing would destroy the root system of vegetation in the 0～15 cm layer, weaken the ability of root system to absorb water, and transport the upper soil moisture downward, thus the water content in the 0～15 cm layer in the grazing area was less than that in the forbidden grazing area, while that in the 30 cm layer was greater than that in the forbidden grazing area; The response of soil moisture in the 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm layers of the forbidden grazing area and the grazing area to rainfall was similar. When the single or cumulative rainfall was more than 10 mm, the soil water content increased significantly, but it was due to the dry interval time(the number of days without rainfall between two rainfall events). The water content in the forbidden grazing area was more sensitive to rainfall and the increase range was greater. The 30 cm layer of soil moisture in the grazing area has a hysteresis response to rainfall. When the single rainfall was greater than 30 mm or the cumulative rainfall was greater than 20 mm, and the drought interval was less than or equal to three days, there was a significant increase. The soil moisture in the 30 cm layer of the grazing area increases only fluctuated significantly after the continuous heavy rainfall with short drought interval(≤ 2 d). The increase of soil moisture in the 0～30 cm layer of the forbidden grazing area was significantly correlated with the rainfall and rainfall intensity. The soil moisture in the 0～15 cm layer of the grazing area was significantly correlated with the rainfall, and the 0～10 cm layers were significantly correlated with the rainfall intensity.
The change of grassland hydrology under the influence of human is the key to grassland ecology and rational utilization of water resources. In order to study the effects of grazing on soil moisture and its response to rainfall in arid and semi-arid typical grassland, the soil moisture content and rainfall in 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm soil layers of grazing-prohibition and grazing areas were monitored and analyzed by setting up weather stations in West Ujimqin Banner of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that grazing would reduce the above-ground biomass of grassland, weaken the inhibition of vegetation on soil evaporation, shorten the rate of rainfall conversion; Grazing would destroy the root system of vegetation in the 0～15 cm layer, weaken the ability of root system to absorb water, and transport the upper soil moisture downward, thus the water content in the 0～15 cm layer in the grazing area was less than that in the forbidden grazing area, while that in the 30 cm layer was greater than that in the forbidden grazing area; The response of soil moisture in the 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm layers of the forbidden grazing area and the grazing area to rainfall was similar. When the single or cumulative rainfall was more than 10 mm, the soil water content increased significantly, but it was due to the dry interval time(the number of days without rainfall between two rainfall events). The water content in the forbidden grazing area was more sensitive to rainfall and the increase range was greater. The 30 cm layer of soil moisture in the grazing area has a hysteresis response to rainfall. When the single rainfall was greater than 30 mm or the cumulative rainfall was greater than 20 mm, and the drought interval was less than or equal to three days, there was a significant increase. The soil moisture in the 30 cm layer of the grazing area increases only fluctuated significantly after the continuous heavy rainfall with short drought interval(≤ 2 d). The increase of soil moisture in the 0～30 cm layer of the forbidden grazing area was significantly correlated with the rainfall and rainfall intensity. The soil moisture in the 0～15 cm layer of the grazing area was significantly correlated with the rainfall, and the 0～10 cm layers were significantly correlated with the rainfall intensity.
引文
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[17] 张素芳,马礼.坝上高原林草地表层土壤含水量对比研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(2):167-170.Zhang Sufang,Ma Li.Comparative study on surface soil water content of woodland and grassland on Bashang plateau[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(2):167-170.
[18] Yongqiang Zhang,Francis H S Chiew.Global variation of transpiration and soil evaporation and the role of their major climate drivers[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2017,112(13):6868-6881.
[19] James F Reynolds,Paul R Kemp,Kiona Ogle,et al.Modifying the ‘pulse-reserve’ paradigm for deserts of North America:precipitation pulses,soil water,and plant responses[J].Oecologia,2004,141(2):194-210.
[20] Nicole A L Archer,Wilfred Otten,Sonja Schmidt,et al.Rainfall infiltration and soil hydrological characteristics below ancient forest,planted forest and grassland in a temperate northern climate[J].Ecohydrology,2016,9(4):585-600.
[21] Wenzhi Zhao,Hu Liu.The response of aboveground net primary productivity of desert vegetation to rainfall pulse in the temperate desert region of Northwest China[J].Journal of Plant Research,2013,8(9):1-11.
[22] Wang X P,Cui Y,Pan Y X,et al.Effects of rainfall characteristics on infiltration and redistribution patterns in revegetation-stabilized desert ecosystems[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,358(1-2):134-143.
[2] 朝博,乌云,乌恩.气候变化背景下内蒙古草原水资源保护与可持续利用[J].中国草地学报,2012,34(5):99-106.Chao Bo,Wu Yun,Wu En.Protection and sustainable utilization of water and resources in Inner Mongolia grassland under the background of climate change[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2012,34(5):99-106.
[3] 邹慧,高光耀,傅伯杰.干旱半干旱草地生态系统与土壤水分关系研究进展[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3127-3136.Zou Hui,Gao Guangyao,Fu Bojie.The relationship between grassland ecosystem and soil water in arid and semiarid areas :a review[J] .Acta Ecologic Sinica,2016,36(11):3127-3136.
[4] Zhongju Meng,Xiaohong Dang,Yong Gao.Interactive effects of wind speed,vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in a temperate desert steppe,Inner Mongolia of China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2018,10(4):534-547.
[5] 史志华,朱华德,陈佳.小流域土壤水分空间异质性及其与环境因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2012,23 (4):889-895.Shi Zhihua,Zhu Huade,Cheng Jia.Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture and its relationships with environmental factors at small catchment level [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(4):889-895.
[6] 苏华,刘伟,李永庚.水分再分配对土壤-植物系统养分循环的生态意义[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(9):1019-1028.Su Hua,Liu Wei,Li Yonggeng.Ecological implications of hydraulic redistribution in nutrient cycling of soil-plant system[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38(9):1019-1028.
[7] Zhu Zhimei,Yang Chi,Cao Mingming.Analysis on the soil factor and physiological response of the plant in the process of sandy desertification on grassland[J].Acta Ecologic Sinica,2007,27(1):48-56.
[8] 张军红,吴波.干旱、半干旱地区土壤水分研究进展[J].中国水土保持,2012,359(2):40-43,68.Zhang Junhong,Wu Bo.Research progress of soil moisture of arid and semiarid regions[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2012,359(2):40-43,68.
[9] Jennifer R Gremer,John B Bradford,Seth M Munson,et al.Desert grassland responses to climate and soil moisture suggest divergent vulnerabilities across the southwestern United States[J].Global Change Biology,2015,21(11):4049-4062.
[10] S X Yao,C C Zhao,T H Zhang.Responsse of the soil water content of mobile dunes to precipitation patterns in Inner Mongolia,northern China[ J].Journal of Aid Environments,2013,97(1):92-98.
[11] 冯伟,杨文斌,党宏忠.毛乌素沙地流动沙丘土壤水分对降雨的响应[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(2):400-406.Feng Wei,Yang Wenbin,Dang Hongzhong.Response of soil moisture to rainfall in the mobile dunes of the Mu Us sandy land[J].Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(2):400-406.
[12] Li Chunlan,Yin Shan,Bao Yuha,et al.The fractal theory in analysis desertification of grassland in Xilin Gol league[J].Nature of Inner Asia,2016(1):106-114.
[13] Xie Rui,Wu Xiuqin.Effects of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon of rangelands in Xilin Gol League,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(11):1550-1560.
[14] Richa Ojha,R.Morbidelli,C.Saltalippi,et al.Scaling of surface soil moisture over heterogeneous fields subjected to a single rainfall event[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,516(4):21-36.
[15] Zhibin He,Wenzhi Zhao,Hu Liu.The response of soil moisture to rainfall event size in subalpine grassland and meadows in a semi-arid mountain range:A case study in northwestern China’s Qilian mountains[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,420-421(1):183-190.
[16] 苏涛,王鹏新,杨博,等.基于生物量的区域土壤水分变化量反演[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):52-58.Su Tao,Wang Pengxin,Yang Bo,et al.Retrieval of regional soil water changes based on remote sensing biomass products[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(5):52-58.
[17] 张素芳,马礼.坝上高原林草地表层土壤含水量对比研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(2):167-170.Zhang Sufang,Ma Li.Comparative study on surface soil water content of woodland and grassland on Bashang plateau[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(2):167-170.
[18] Yongqiang Zhang,Francis H S Chiew.Global variation of transpiration and soil evaporation and the role of their major climate drivers[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2017,112(13):6868-6881.
[19] James F Reynolds,Paul R Kemp,Kiona Ogle,et al.Modifying the ‘pulse-reserve’ paradigm for deserts of North America:precipitation pulses,soil water,and plant responses[J].Oecologia,2004,141(2):194-210.
[20] Nicole A L Archer,Wilfred Otten,Sonja Schmidt,et al.Rainfall infiltration and soil hydrological characteristics below ancient forest,planted forest and grassland in a temperate northern climate[J].Ecohydrology,2016,9(4):585-600.
[21] Wenzhi Zhao,Hu Liu.The response of aboveground net primary productivity of desert vegetation to rainfall pulse in the temperate desert region of Northwest China[J].Journal of Plant Research,2013,8(9):1-11.
[22] Wang X P,Cui Y,Pan Y X,et al.Effects of rainfall characteristics on infiltration and redistribution patterns in revegetation-stabilized desert ecosystems[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,358(1-2):134-143.