用低营养模型评价鸡蛋营养健康效应及其过度消费与我国慢性流行病高发的相关性探讨
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摘要
目的以玉米低营养饲料喂养小鼠为动物模型,结合建立的食品损益指数及总积分(benifit damage index-general score, BDI-GS)评价体系评价市售普通鸡蛋的营养及健康效应,并对鸡蛋过度摄取与我国各类慢性流行病不断高发的相关性进行探讨。方法以线性生长期健康ICR小鼠为研究对象,空白对照小鼠喂食单纯玉米饲料,受试物小鼠喂食4.5%、9.0%和13.5%鸡蛋的玉米掺和饲料,共喂养13 d。于第13 d称重后眼眶取血、处死解剖,通过统计9项脏器组织重量、系数及其BDI和GS等指标进行评价,并进行血清生化分析,以及血液同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy)的测试。结果鸡蛋对机体大部分脏器指标具有营养和有益健康的效应,主要表现在心肺、胸腺、胰腺和肝肾的重量BDI均高于0.9。鸡蛋摄取能同时显著升高小鼠血糖、血脂及血液Hcy水平,且具有一定剂量依赖性,部分指标与空白对照比较具有显著性差异(P<0.05及P<0.01)。高剂量鸡蛋喂养小鼠促进生长发育的营养表现最佳,但综合健康效应并不明显优于中低剂量组,表现在累计GSI无明显增高。结论本研究表明普通鸡蛋具有良好的营养功效,但健康效应并不理想,应该归属于高营养低健康效应的普通食材。日常过度消费鸡蛋导致的营养过剩可能是我国相关慢性流行病不断高发重要的膳食风险因子之一。
Objective To evaluate the nutritional and healthy effects of commercially available common eggs and the eggs by feeding the mice with low-nutritional diet as an animal model, combined with the established food benefit damage index-general score(BDI-GS) evaluation system, and discuss the relationship between over-intake of eggs and the high incidence of various chronic epidemics in China. Method The healthy ICR mice in the linear growth phase were used as the research object. The blank control mice were fed with pure corn feed, and the test mice were fed with corn blended with 4.5%, 9.0% and 13.5% eggs for 13 d. After body masses weighing at the 13 th day,blood samples were taken by orbital way, and the evaluation was performed by weight and indexes of 9 organs and/or tissues statistically analyses, their BDI and GS values calculation; serum biochemical indicators were analyzed, and the serum homocysteine(Hcy) levels were measured. Results The nourishing and healthy indicators were of beneficial effects for the most part organs of body, mainly express in the weight BDI values for heart, lung, thymus,pancreas, liver and kidneys were all above 0.9. Eggs intake could increase blood sugar and lipid levels obviously, and raise the Hcy level in blood of mice significantly, with certain dose-dependence, and part indicators were of statistically significant differences compared with those of the control(P<0.05, P<0.01). The high dose chicken eggs diet fed mice showed the best growth and nourishing performance, but the overall health effects was not obvious superior to that of middle and low dose, which was embodied in only slightly increasing in the integrated GSI values. Conclusions This study shows that common eggs have good nutritional effects, but the healthy effects are not ideal and should be attributed to ordinary ingredients with high nutrition and low health effects. Over-nutrition caused by daily excessive consumption of eggs may be one of the most important dietary risk factors for chronic diseases in China.
Objective To evaluate the nutritional and healthy effects of commercially available common eggs and the eggs by feeding the mice with low-nutritional diet as an animal model, combined with the established food benefit damage index-general score(BDI-GS) evaluation system, and discuss the relationship between over-intake of eggs and the high incidence of various chronic epidemics in China. Method The healthy ICR mice in the linear growth phase were used as the research object. The blank control mice were fed with pure corn feed, and the test mice were fed with corn blended with 4.5%, 9.0% and 13.5% eggs for 13 d. After body masses weighing at the 13 th day,blood samples were taken by orbital way, and the evaluation was performed by weight and indexes of 9 organs and/or tissues statistically analyses, their BDI and GS values calculation; serum biochemical indicators were analyzed, and the serum homocysteine(Hcy) levels were measured. Results The nourishing and healthy indicators were of beneficial effects for the most part organs of body, mainly express in the weight BDI values for heart, lung, thymus,pancreas, liver and kidneys were all above 0.9. Eggs intake could increase blood sugar and lipid levels obviously, and raise the Hcy level in blood of mice significantly, with certain dose-dependence, and part indicators were of statistically significant differences compared with those of the control(P<0.05, P<0.01). The high dose chicken eggs diet fed mice showed the best growth and nourishing performance, but the overall health effects was not obvious superior to that of middle and low dose, which was embodied in only slightly increasing in the integrated GSI values. Conclusions This study shows that common eggs have good nutritional effects, but the healthy effects are not ideal and should be attributed to ordinary ingredients with high nutrition and low health effects. Over-nutrition caused by daily excessive consumption of eggs may be one of the most important dietary risk factors for chronic diseases in China.
引文
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[13]Victor WZ,Linda VH,Marilyn CC,et al.Associations of dietary cholesterol or egg consumption with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality[J].JAMA,2019,321(11):1081-1095.
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[17]陈静,李化强,沈娴,等.高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑卒中相关性的研究进展[J].临床医药文献杂志,2018,5(25):190-192.Chen J,Li HQ,Shen X,et al.Progresses on associations research of hyperhomocysteinemia and stroke[J].J Clin Med,2018,5(25):190-192.
[18]张克明,黄国伟.叶酸、维生素B12、B6与同型半胱氨酸代谢及脑卒中关系研究的新进展[J].医学理论与实践,2013,26(5):585-587.Zhang KM,Huang GW.New progress in the study of the relationship between folic acid,vitamin B12,B6 and homocysteine metabolism and stroke[J].J Med Theor Prac,2013,26(5):585-587.
[19]路雅宁.半胱氨酸与血脑屏障[J].包头医学,2007,31(3):143-145.Lu YN.Cysteine and blood-brain barrier[J].Baotou Med,2007,31(3):143-145.
[20]魏颖鸿.同型半胱氨酸水平与阿尔茨海默病相关性的研究进展[J].实用老年医学,2018,32(9):807-808.Wei YH.Progresses on associations research of homocysteine level and Alzheimer’s disease[J].Pract Geriatr,2018,32(9):807-808.
[21]吕旭军,茅利明,陈晓燕,等.血清同型半胱氨酸与糖尿病及糖尿病肾病[J],江西医学检验2006,24(l):78-79.Lui XJ,Mao LM,Chen XY,et al.Associations on serum homocysteine&DM and diabetic nephropathy[J].Jianxi J Med Lab Sci,2006,24(l):78-79.
[22]陈小莉,蔡东联,李燕,等.高蛋氨酸饮食对大鼠生长及氨基酸代谢的影响[J],中国临床营养杂志,2002,10(4):248-251.Chen XL,Cai DL,Li Y,et al.The impact of high methionine diet on the growth and the amino acid metabolism of rats[J].Chin J Clin Nutr,2002,10(4):248-251.
[23]杨惠莲,靳国恩,马祁生.蛋氨酸诱导大鼠同型半胱氨酸血症模型的实验研究[J].医学信息,2013,26(2):66-67.Yang HL,Jin GE,Ma QS.Experimental study on homocysteinemia model induced by methionine in rats[J].Med Inf,2013,26(2):66-67.
[24]Mokhtari Z,Poustchi H,Eslamparast T,et al.Egg consumption and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].World J Hepatol,2017,9(10):503-509.
[25]Ginty F.Dietary protein and bone health[J].Proc Nutr Soc,2003,62(4):867-876.
[26]Massey LK.Dietary animal and plant protein and human bone health:Awhole foods approach[J].J Nutr,2003,133(3):862S-865S.
[27]Trilok G,Draper HH.Effect of a high protein intake on acid-base balance in adult rats[J].Calcif Tissue Int,1989,44(5):339-342.
[28]Bischoff-Ferrari HA,Dawson-Hughes B,Baron JA,et al.Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women:A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2007,86:1780-1790.
[2]Shirinzadeh M,Afshin-Pour B,Angeles R,et al.The effect of community-based programs on diabetes prevention in low-and middle-income countries:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Global Health.2019,15(1):10.
[3]刘素稳,张泽生,杨海延,等.马铃薯蛋白的营养价值评价[J],营养学报,2008,30(2):208-210.Liu SY,Zhang ZS,Yang HY,et al.The nutritional evaluation of potato protein[J].Acta Nutr Sin,2008,30(2):208-210.
[4]龙伟,沈秀,白佳利,等.用损益指数综合评价精米的营养健康效应[J].中国稻米,2013,19(2):9-13.Long W,Shen X,Bai JL,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of nutrition and health functions and safety of white rice by benefit-damage index[J].Chin Rice,2013,19(2):9-13.
[5]牟感恩,龙伟,李德冠,等.鲜鸭蛋营养及健康效应的评研究[J].食品科技,2018,43(7):29-34.Mu GE,Long W,Li DG,et al.Functional evaluation on nutritional and healthy of duck eggs[J].Food Sci Technol,2018,43(7):29-34.
[6]黄继汉,黄晓晖,陈志扬,等.药理试验中动物间和动物与人体间的等效剂量换算[J].中国临床药理学与治疗学,2004,9(9):1069-1072.Huang JH,Huang XH,Chen ZY,et al.Dose conversion among different animals and healthy volunteers in pharmacological study[J].Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther,2004,9(9):1069-1072.
[7]Csonka FA.Nitrogen,methionine and cystine content of hen's eggs.Their distribution in the egg white and yolk[J].J Nutr,1950,42(3):443-451.
[8]王禄增,张梅英,季勇,等.Wistar大鼠L-蛋氨酸灌胃后血脂变化观察[J].中国实验动物学杂志,2002,12(2):71-73.Wang LZ,Zhang MY,Ji Y,et al.The change of blood lipid level of wistar rat after filling with L-methionine[J].Chin J Lab Anim Sci,2002,12(2):71-73.
[9]Hu FB,Stampfer MJ,Rimm EB,et al.A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women[J].JAMA,1999,281(15):1387-1394.
[10]Shin JY,Xun P,Nakamura Y,et al.Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2013,98(1):146-159.
[11]Saande CJ,Steffes MA,Webb JL,et al.Whole egg consumption impairs insulin sensitivity in a rat model of obesity and type 2 diabetes[J].Curr Dev Nutr,2019,11;3(4):nzz015.
[12]Li Y,Zhou C,Zhou X,et al.Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes:A meta-analysis[J].Atherosclerosis,2013,229(2):524-530.
[13]Victor WZ,Linda VH,Marilyn CC,et al.Associations of dietary cholesterol or egg consumption with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality[J].JAMA,2019,321(11):1081-1095.
[14]Griffin BA.Eggs:good or bad?[J].Proc Nutr Soc,2016,75(3):259-264.
[15]Jang J,Shin MJ,Kim OY,et al.Longitudinal association between egg consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease:interaction with type 2diabetes mellitus[J].Nutr Diabet,2018,258(1):20.
[16]Guo J,Hobbs DA,Cockcroft JR,et al.Association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease events,diabetes and all-cause mortality[J].Eur J Nutr,2018,57(8):2943-2952.
[17]陈静,李化强,沈娴,等.高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑卒中相关性的研究进展[J].临床医药文献杂志,2018,5(25):190-192.Chen J,Li HQ,Shen X,et al.Progresses on associations research of hyperhomocysteinemia and stroke[J].J Clin Med,2018,5(25):190-192.
[18]张克明,黄国伟.叶酸、维生素B12、B6与同型半胱氨酸代谢及脑卒中关系研究的新进展[J].医学理论与实践,2013,26(5):585-587.Zhang KM,Huang GW.New progress in the study of the relationship between folic acid,vitamin B12,B6 and homocysteine metabolism and stroke[J].J Med Theor Prac,2013,26(5):585-587.
[19]路雅宁.半胱氨酸与血脑屏障[J].包头医学,2007,31(3):143-145.Lu YN.Cysteine and blood-brain barrier[J].Baotou Med,2007,31(3):143-145.
[20]魏颖鸿.同型半胱氨酸水平与阿尔茨海默病相关性的研究进展[J].实用老年医学,2018,32(9):807-808.Wei YH.Progresses on associations research of homocysteine level and Alzheimer’s disease[J].Pract Geriatr,2018,32(9):807-808.
[21]吕旭军,茅利明,陈晓燕,等.血清同型半胱氨酸与糖尿病及糖尿病肾病[J],江西医学检验2006,24(l):78-79.Lui XJ,Mao LM,Chen XY,et al.Associations on serum homocysteine&DM and diabetic nephropathy[J].Jianxi J Med Lab Sci,2006,24(l):78-79.
[22]陈小莉,蔡东联,李燕,等.高蛋氨酸饮食对大鼠生长及氨基酸代谢的影响[J],中国临床营养杂志,2002,10(4):248-251.Chen XL,Cai DL,Li Y,et al.The impact of high methionine diet on the growth and the amino acid metabolism of rats[J].Chin J Clin Nutr,2002,10(4):248-251.
[23]杨惠莲,靳国恩,马祁生.蛋氨酸诱导大鼠同型半胱氨酸血症模型的实验研究[J].医学信息,2013,26(2):66-67.Yang HL,Jin GE,Ma QS.Experimental study on homocysteinemia model induced by methionine in rats[J].Med Inf,2013,26(2):66-67.
[24]Mokhtari Z,Poustchi H,Eslamparast T,et al.Egg consumption and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].World J Hepatol,2017,9(10):503-509.
[25]Ginty F.Dietary protein and bone health[J].Proc Nutr Soc,2003,62(4):867-876.
[26]Massey LK.Dietary animal and plant protein and human bone health:Awhole foods approach[J].J Nutr,2003,133(3):862S-865S.
[27]Trilok G,Draper HH.Effect of a high protein intake on acid-base balance in adult rats[J].Calcif Tissue Int,1989,44(5):339-342.
[28]Bischoff-Ferrari HA,Dawson-Hughes B,Baron JA,et al.Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women:A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2007,86:1780-1790.
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